Impact of the Financial Crisis on Banks and Banking

Impact of the Financial Crisis on cusss and BankingA desire is a fiscal intermediary that offers loans and deposits, and payment services. Its substance activity is to provide loans to borrowers and to collect deposits from savers. Banks stock m whizzy, people need money on that back breakerfore, people need fixs. Banks provide a home for peoples money, which is something accountants do not do and banks also lend money, which accountants certainly do not do. There atomic number 18 three main kinds of banking commercial-grade banking, investment banking and central banking.Commercial banking is the traditional office staff of the banker as it relates to the winning of deposits and granting of loans. Commercial banking is split into two types retail banks and wholesale banks. Retail banking relates to pecuniary services provided to consumers and is usually small-scale in nature. Retail banks be of 10 kn hold as High Street banks, beca physical exercise they large branch c oncludingworks, m both of them comprising well over a thousand branches, usually located in the main shopping streets. Wholesale banks are found in the major pecuniary centres of the world, eg London, New York, Frankfurt, Hongkong and Tokyo. They serve the major companies and nonplus large-scale dealings with opposite banks throughout the world. The let out different between these is that retail banks borrow from and lend to members of public and companies whilst wholesale banks deal with different banks and with governments (national and overseas).Investment banks are a US creation and it could not be combined with commercial banks in one institution. The main role of investment banks is to help companies and governments raise funds in the detonator market either through the issue of stock or debt (bonds). Typically, their activities cover the following areas pecuniary advisory downstairswriting of securities issues trading and investing in securities on behalf of the bank or for clients asset management some other securities services.A central bank can generally be defined as a financial institution responsible for overseeing the monetary governance for a nation, or a group of nations, with the goal of fostering economic growth without inflation. The core functions of central banks in whatsoever countries are to manage monetary policy with the aim of achieving price stability to prevent liquidity crises, situations of money market disorders and financial crises and to ensure the smooth work of the payment system. Banks, as other financial intermediaries, play a pivotal role in the economy, channelling funds from units in surplus to units in deficit.Financial crisisThe financial crisis of 2007-2009 has been called the most serious financial crisis since the Great Depression by leading economists, with its world-wide cause toneized by the failure if key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S dollars, substanti al financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity. The immediate cause or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the United States admit sing which throwawayed in approximately 2005-2006. High default rates on subprime and branch (adjustable rate mortgages), began to increase quickly thereafter. An increase in loan incentives a good deal(prenominal) as easy sign terms and a long-term trend of rising housing prices had encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages in the belief they would be able to quickly refinance at to a greater extent favourable terms. However, once interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to drop moderately in 2006-2007 in many parts of the U.S, refinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to go up as anticipated, and ARM interest rates reset higher. In the geezerhood leading up to the sta rt of the crisis in 2007, significant amounts of foreign money flowed into the U.S from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries. This inflow of funds combined with low U.S interest rates from 2002-2004 contri buted to easy credit rating conditions, which fuelled both housing and credit bubbles. Then, the global financial crisis really started to show its effects in middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the .world stock markets apply fallen, large financial institutions establish collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with drive home packages to bail out their financial systems.Literature Re contemplateThe world economy is experiencing perhaps the most serious financial crisis since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s, in terms of both its scope and its effects. Its impact is much more global than that of the financial crisis we have seen in the past two or three decades. Today, global financial integration is much more pervasive, and the Asian countries have a much higher share of world trade and convergenceion. For some, the global nature of the current crisis has been unprecedented as several advanced economies have simultaneously witnessed declines in house and equity prices as well as difficulties in the credit market.The origin of financial crisisAs we know the current global financial crisis originated with losses on US subprime mortgage related securities, losses that showtime emerged with the slowing of the US housing market in the second half of 2006. The first origin of financial crisis is that the growth of housing bubble precipitated the beginning of financial crisis. Between 1997 and 2006, the price of the regular American house increase by 124. (Economist, 2007) During the two decades ending in 2001, the national median home price ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 quantify median house reconcile income. This ratio rose to 4.0 in 2006. (Steverman an d Bogoslaw, 2008) This housing bubble resulted in quite a few homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer expense by taking out second mortgages secured by the appreciation. By phratry 2008, bonnie US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. (Economist, 2008) The other origin of financial crisis is easy credit, and a belief that house prices would continue to appreciate, had encouraged many subprime borrowers to pose adjustable rate mortgages. These mortgages enticed borrowers with a down the stairs market interest rate for some predetermined plosive, followed by market interest rates for the remainder of the mortgages term. Borrowers who could not make the higher payments once the initial grace period ended would try to refinance their mortgages. Refinancing became more difficult, once house prices began to decline in many parts of the USA. Borrowers who found themselves unable to fly higher monthly payments by re financing began to default.The process of financial crisisThere is evidence that both government and competitive pressures to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Major US investment banks and government sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac played an important role in the expansion of higher-risk lending.In 1996,HUD, the department of lodgement and Urban Development, gave Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac an explicit target 42 per cent of their mortgage financing had to go to borrowers with incomes below the median income in their area.(Schwartz, 2009, pp46) Between 2000 and 2005 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac met those goals every year, and funded hundreds of billions of dollars worth of loans, many of them subprime and adjustable-rate loans made to borrowers who bought houses with less than 10 per cent deposits. Finnie Mae and Freddie Mac also purchased hundreds of billions of subprime securities for their own portfolios to ma ke money and help satisfy HUD chip inable-housing goals. (Schwartz, 2009) Due to the deregulating loans, some borrowers could get loans under easy credit conditions. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, to enter into unsafe or unsound secured loans for inappropriate purpose. When the housing bubble burst, USA housing and financial assets decline in value, and the subprime crisis was coming out. After that the financial crisis had been basically formed.There is a story of financial crisis say by Butler (2009 p51) Once upon a time, greedy bankers, mostly in the USA, made fortunes by selling mortgages to poor people who could not really afford them. They knew these loans were unsound, so they diced and sliced them and sold them in packages around the world to equally greedy bankers who did not know what they were buying. When the housing bubble burst, the borrowers defaulted, and bankers discover that what they had bought was worthless. They went burst, business loans arid up, and the economy shuddered to a halt. The moral, accounting to this description of events, is that capitalism has failed, and we need tougher rules to curb bankers greed and make sure all this never happens again. This story could express accurately the process of finance crisis.The impacts of financial crisis in the worldA collapse of the US subprime mortgage market and the reversal of the housing boom in other industrialized economies have had a ripple effect around the world. Furthermore, other weaknesses in the global financial system have surfaced. Some financial products and instruments have become so complex and twisted, that as things start to unravel, trust in the whole system started to fail.First, it change on financial institutions. Initially the companies affected were those like a shot involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Federal Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer reign financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Steams would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The crisis run into its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These implicated Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG.Second, it affected the money market. During September 2008, the crisis hits its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market mutual funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawals from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior.Third, wealth effects in the financial crisis. There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth, and declines in consumption and business investment, which along w ith government spending represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth. By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the SP 500, was down 45 percent from its 2007 high. living accommodations prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30-35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans second-largest household asset, dropped by 22 percent, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a swag $8.3 trillion. (Altman, 2009).Finally, it is the effects on the global economy. The cr isis rapidly developed and spread into a global economic shock, resulting in a number of European bank failures, declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities and commodities. Moreover, the de-leveraging of financial institutions, as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in set credit markets, just accelerated the liquidity crisis and ca employ a decrease in international trade. World political leaders, national ministers of finance and central bank directors coordinate their efforts to reduce fears, but the crisis continued. At the end of October 2008 a currency crisis developed, with investors tape transportring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many sudden economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. (Landler, 2008).The impacts of financial crisis on US banking systemGDP, the output of goods and services produced by labour and property located in the US, decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago period. The US unemployment rate increased to 9.5% by June 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964.From time to time confidence in the USAs banks would weaken and banks note-holders would demand their specie (i.e. gold or silver) back. Banks could meet these withdrawals either from their own vaults or by taking back some of the bullion left with the clearing-house association. The lower the level of their balance the clearing system, the greater would be the likelihood that individual non-central banks would be overdrawn. (Congdon, 2009) There is an mannikin from him suppose bank Ys initial deposit with the clearing system was 30 pounds. If its custome rs instructed it to make net cash payments to other banks of 35 pounds, bank Y would have been overdrawn by 5 pounds. (2009 pp50).So financial crisis and the publics associated large-scale note redemptions would cause increased tension between members of the clearing house.The impacts of financial crisis on UK banking system tho how serious the financial crisis was becoming, not only in the US but also in the UK, hit home late on September 2007 when password emerged that Northern Rock, had been forced into a bailout from the Bank of England. Northern Rock Bank is the most affected by financial crisis in the UK, and also the most typical bank for my study.Northern Rock is one of the top five mortgage lenders in the UK in terms of gross lending. As well as mortgages, the bank also deals with savings accounts, loans and insurance. In 2006 the bank had moved into subprime lending via a deal with Lehman Brothers. Although the mortgages were sold under Northern Rocks brand through interme diaries, the risk was cosmos underwritten by Lehman Brothers.On 14 September 2007, the Bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, following problems in the credit markets. This led to many customers queuing outside branches to withdraw their savings.Partly as a result of the run, on 22 February 2008 the bank was taken into state ownership. The nationalization was a result of two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers money within three years.Because of Northern Rock crisis, customers lost their confidence for any banks in the UK. They started withdraw money from their saving account, so that all banks in the UK were affected a lot.Aim Objectives and mark QuestionsAim and ObjectivesNowadays, the US Financial Crisis (2008) along with the subprime crisis (2007) seemed to have delivered a severe blow to worlds banking area. Banks are thought to be central to business activity. Therefo re, when they experience financial distress, governments usually come to the rescue, offering emergency liquidity and various forms of bailout programs. Then the aim of this dissertation is to determine impacts of financial crisis on banking and cor acting measures on these impacts.In order to achieve my aim, I need to achieve following objectives which are the steps towards my aimTo determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China. Achieving this objective exit be much help as I would also understand different impacts of financial crisis on banking in comparing with other area.To analyse the measures to the impacts of financial crisis on banking. During the objective I will have the chance to recognize the process of central bank in each country. Therefore, I would realize the measures for banks under the financial crisis in two different views financial views and political views.Key QuestionsTo achieve the aim and the objectives, the research was set out to serve we ll the following key questionsWhat are the impacts of financial crisis on banking system in China? And what are the different impacts among China and other areas?What are the corresponding measures for these impacts in these countries?This paper is counselling on banking sector under the financial crisis, and how banks faced the crisis. The importance of this topic lays on the impacts of banking sector under the financial crisis and what the best measure for banks is. Basically, my research is establish on the origin and process of financial crisis to find out the impacts for banks in each country. Therefore, I would investigate how to determine these impacts.Research MethodologyAs proveed in the sections above, the research objective is to determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China so that I could compare different impacts with other countries. The study identifies questionnaires and interviews as able research methods for the present paper. The general belie f of research is often thought of as collecting data, constructing questionnaires/interviews and analysing data. But it also includes identifying the problem and how to proceed solving it (Ghauri et al., 1995).Questionnaire endeavorA questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of visual senses in that they are cheap do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical. Usually, a questionnaire consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between op en-ended and closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent plectrum an answer from a given number of options. In this paper, I have used the open-ended questions into questionnaires. Because the impacts of financial crisis on banking which is an open discussion, it is more suitable to use open-ended questions to discuss.In this research, I have posted out 100 questionnaires for several banks in different positions of banking areas. But I only get 50 feedbacks from banks include China Construction Bank with 11 copies Bank of China with 23 copies HSBC with 2 copies China Merchants Bank with 2 copies Shanghai Pudong Development Bank with 2 copies bucolic Bank of China with 3 copies Bank of Communications with 2 copies China Citic Bank with 3 copies Bank of East Asia with 2 copies. The questionnaire is to undertake ideas from employees in each bank above. The employees have been select ed in different job positions that include account managers customer managers salesmen managing directors operation managers accountants channel managers international clearing managers administrations marketers product managers staffs retail managers and others with no answers. There are four key questions amount those seven questions in this questionnaireHow much are you affected by financial crisis? develop what affects you in financial crisis?What is different consumer behaviour between before financial crisis and after financial crisis?What do you think how to resolve the effects of financial crisis on banking?In the view of above questions, we can find out different effects of financial crisis on banking to employees in different positions and the correspond measures for the effects.Interview get downAn interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewe e. In most cases, interviews are only one of a number of qualitative/quantitative techniques that we are likely to use in a research project. The main types of interview include structure interview, semi-structured interview and unstructured interview.Semi-structured interviews are controlled interactions. However, this model enables the researcher to ask supplementary questions, for clarification and elaboration, whilst the use of open questions grants the participant greater freedom to discuss their experience. shapeless interviews are relatively uncontrolled interactions where, once the question has been put, the researcher listens and do not prompt. This offers the participant the opportunity to discuss the subject using their frames of reference.Unstructured interviews can be very useful in studies of peoples information seeking and use. They are especially useful for studies attempting to find patterns, generate models, and inform information system design and implementation . For example, Alvarez and Urla (2002) used unstructured interviews to elicit information requirements during the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Due to their conversational and non-intrusive characteristics, unstructured interviews can be used in settings where it is inappropriate or impossible to use other more structured methods to examine peoples information activities. For example, Schultze (2000) used unstructured interviews, along with other ethnographic methods, in her eight-month field study in a large company investigating their production of informational objects. What are the rationales for using semi-structured interviews? It can help us to obtain relevant information. It can give the freedom to explore general views or opinions in more details. It can use external organization so as to retain independence. The strengths of semi-structured interviews are that the researcher can prompt and probe deeper into the given situation. For example , the interviewer inquires about using computers in English language teaching. Some respondents are more computer literate than others are. Hence, with this type of interview the interviewers are able to probe or asked more detailed questions of respondents situations and not adhere only to the interview guide. In addition, the researcher can explain or rephrase the questions if respondents are unclear about the questions.A structured interview also known as a standardised interview is a quantitative research method commonly employed in survey research. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interviewee is presented with on the button the same question in the same order. This ensures that answers can be reliably aggregated and that comparisons can be made with confidence between sample subgroups or between survey periods. A structured interview also standardises the order in which questions are asked of survey respondents, so the questions are always answered given to surv ey question can depend on the nature of preceding questions though context effects can never be avoided, it is often desirable to hold them constant across all respondents. Structured interviews can also be used as a qualitative research methodology. These types of interviews are best worthy for engaging in respondent or focus group studies in which it would be beneficial to compare/contrast participant responses in order to answer a research question. For structure qualitative interviews, it is usually necessary for researchers to develop an interview schedule which lists the wording and sequencing of questions.In this research, I have chosen structured telephone interview as main interview approach. There are three interviewees have been interviewed through telephone in three different banks which are Bank of China, Bank of Communications and Agricultural Bank of China. The positions of these three interviewees are Department Head in Bank of China, Branch President in Agricultura l Bank of China and Financial Manager in Bank of Communications. The questions in the interviews are made quite same as to questions made in questionnaires.Findings and digestFindingsFrom the view of all the questionnaires and interviews, I have organised the following points as findingsIn China Construction Bank there are two staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot seven staffs affected by financial crisis are medium and each one staffs affected by financial crisis is a little and almost not. Nine of all eleven staffs answered that their incomes have been reduced during the financial crisis. Seven of all staffs effected that customers became more circumspect after financial crisis compared before.In Bank of China there are nine staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot ten staffs affected by financial crisis are medium and each two staffs affected by financial crisis are a little and almost not. almost half of all twenty-three staffs answered that their whole caboodl e are much more difficult to handle such as some services closed, working period much longer and more competitions etc. Seven of all staffs stated that their incomes have affected very much because of financial crisis. Ten of all staffs complete that customers became more prudent and rational during the financial crisis. Other staffs almost realized that customers had no any changes under the financial crisis compared before.In other seven banks there are five staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot five staffs affected by financial crisis are medium one staff affected by financial crisis is a little and five staffs affected by financial crisis are almost not. Each five staffs answered that their workings are much more difficult to handle and their incomes have been reduced. Almost half of all sixteen staffs realized that customers became more rational and likely to transfer their money from some risky investments to a saving account or banking instruments.AnalysisFrom the fin dings of the study it emerges thatMost participants who are in different positions of different banks realized that they have been affected by financial crisis a lot or medium. And most customers they deal with became more rational and prudent.Before the outbreak of the financial crisis is not that customers apply for special financial management, the clients risk acceptance is very strong, and the abundant capital in the market. Most clients are seeking short-term immediate benefits, but did not fully take into account their own business and assets of the plan a long-term investment, life-long investment. But after the outbreak of the financial crisis, most customers whether it is their own operations and domestic and foreign investment had both a certain degree of loss. Customers will first consider the operating and investment risk, followed by some other to seek profit their sights would be to put the long-term, truly entered the era of the pursuit of long-term interests.Advers e impacts to the unit under the financial crisis First, non-performing loans increased pressure. The financial crisis on the business impact of large bank customers, especially export-oriented enterprises. Declining in exports led to decline in client business performance, repayment pressure, and increased risk of disablement in credit quality. Second, the lack of effective demand for loans. Financial crisis led to bad corporate management, so that effective demand for loans fell. Third, the financial crisis lead to an international settlement business, hosting business, and capital markets businesses in a substantial decline so that intermediary business revenue. Fourth, the time when the economy is down, and constantly cut interest rates, banks net interest yield was downward trend.The effects of the financial Crises on the banking industry and an evaluation of the measures for resolving the crises.Using evidence from the Great Depression and several other banking crises, Hoggart h and Reidhill (2003) concluded that banking crises can have a long term dramatic effect on the economy if left unresolved but the scale and character of any intervention should have as its prime objective to keep fiscal costs minimal and to prevent any future moral hazard. example Hazard in this case refers to the risk that bankers who are aware of the governments unwavering commitment to crop up dying banks may take too much unnecessary risk since they have a guarantee that their banks will never go burst. This section discusses the effects of the recent 2007-2009 global financial crises on the banking industry. It further evaluates some of the measures put in place by the UK and US governments to alleviate the crises. At every point Hoggarth and Reidhills 2003 conclusion will be my point of reference as I evaluate the Fiscal Cost and Moral Hazard issues related with the resolution of the crises. Finally, I will also discuss other view points and make recommendations on how the c rises could have been tackled more effectively.The United Kingdom and United States economies were the largest hit and probably the most affected by the crises. It is worth bearing in mind that even though this crisis began in the financial sector and real estate sectors of these economies, it rapidly spread to the manufacturing and retail sectors. Without much notice every sector of the economy had been affected by the downturn. A vicious cycle quickly develops where as companies lack credit, they slow manufacturing and layoff workers leading to high unemployment rates. As unemployment increases and consumer credit and purchase power drops, the demand for goods and services plummets and the entire economy is further hit. At the end of the cycle, the main cause of the demise is soon forgotten and the problem real becomes one of scepticism and mistrust widely termed consumer confidence and/or investor confidence.It is popular opinion that such a crisis should not be left unresolved by country authorities even though it is caused by individual businesses and public companies. After all, a rapid decline in business profits and an increase rate unemployment means a plunge in the states tax revenue, a hike in unemployment benefit payouts, an increase in government debt and the crumbling of the economy. Politicians are thus faced with the dilemma of whether or not to interfere with the free market economy, taking actions that will have serious implications on management and investor behaviour and spending public money to save private investors. As dreadful as this may sound, there appears to be no other viable way to resolve a banking crisis.Banks in particular, are generally not stand alone institutions. One view point to resolving a banking crisis amidst a recession emphasises that any measures designed to ensure that banks survive in a sustainable way will be aimed at reviving and supporting bank stakeholders (Customers and investors). This view point advocate s that the best way