Individual Report on Business Game - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2659 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The game of the business strategy is computer based game which is played online by a group of member formed in it. In this business strategy there are lot of industries were there as in the game one would run or imply the decisions of the footwear company which would be given the competition by various other firms like januty footwear, ashuru, corporate lobby shoes, L company, Dynasty, in sprint, Elite footwear ltd., K company, glaxer, CCLEO, and H company. The member of this business strategy game in the company corporate lobby shoes is Afsal Rahmath Parambu, Babatomiwa Ojuri, Fedlis Nwaujukwu , Gholam Oovee. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individual Report on Business Game" essay for you Create order As this one member who would be taken responsible for taking the decisions in the respect to its company and aspects of all the matters which the company operates and manages the necessary decision of the company as each and every company wants to take excellent decision and makes the best as well as sustainable solutions for their strategies as the tools and techniques where well executed and planned out specially to overcome with its competitors. There are various results from the 11th year to 15th year on the different are like EPS, Return on equity, stock price, inventories, management etc. As this would help to build the wealth of the shareholder and its image rating is high. This paper reports that the analysis of the corporate lobby shoes is divided in to the three sections the first is mainly the porter five forces as well as competitive strategy in relations to Year 15 Business strategy The business environment had been analysis by continuously practicing the business strategy game. As in the business game we are allocated on the post of the top executive which is mostly taking the strategic decision regarding the company performance and results in relation to its profits and productions. The influence by the top executive in the developing the strategies of business for any firm in relations to business environment (ham brick and mason, 1984), in strategic management the role and effect of top managers on company performance and importance of this relationship how may be affected by companys strategy is always recognize as critical issues (Ham brick and Mason (1984), Gupta and Govindarajan (1984), Gunz and Jalland (1996). There are different strategy which are seen in the market of shoe industry like cost leadership, focus strategy, differentiation etc. Cost leadership means: the company is managing its cost, as this effective dealing in prices and profits would coming as to implement low price should have and efficient cost management, so through the cost of prices of product would low as compared to the other company. Focus strategy: the focus strategy is also known as niche strategy in simple terms it is considered as the product which is product is for the target group only and the company sets its prices and product efficiency and its policy in relevance to that group and ignore the wider population market. Differentiation strategy: this strategy in simple terms can be refers as there should be uniqueness and sound quality which would differ firm from its competitor as this would raise the cost of the company but the value and ethics which are unique is more important than the cost for this kind of business as it would create a higher brand value and in return increase the profits. Porter five force: The Michael porter had given the competitive strategy for analysis the business with the comparison to its competitors through this strategy one would be aware that different strategies should be competitors using for reaching to the success. The ultimate aim of competitive strategy is to cope with and, ideally, to change those rules in the firms behaviour (1985, p. 4).† As with this analysis company hold the proper ideas about the position were it stands in terms of its performance and profits. The threat of new entrants: as this market is very saturated and the entry of new firm will be of only the company which is highly capital rich so for the corporate lobby shoe there is no more threat in this area but in future the chance are available for this. The threat of substitute product: as there are lot of substitute product available in market, so there are high chance for the threat in this area, to overcome with threat the corporate lobby shoe has imply the combination of generic strategy that is having low cost with the quality and unique product design. The bargaining power of buyer: as due to highly competitive market in shoe, the power of buyer had been raised as they have an option left from their decision so to create some friendly environment and better scheme for customer would encourage the customer towards the corporate lobby shoe. The bargaining power of suppliers: as for the suppliers the bargaining power is low because in market lot of suppliers available which would make the corporate lobby shoe to maintained its low cost supplies. Intensity of competition: a shoe industry is one of the wide spread industry with the no. of players in this business. Corporate lobby shoe is having a high intensity with its competitors as because of large no of competitors in market available. Through the innovative and sustainable strategic technique the corporate lobby shoe have survive by achieve its mission. Pestle analysis The one of the most renowned external analysis is the pestle as it outlook the whole of environment external with the different factors like political, economic, social, technology, legal and environment. Political factors The all four area like north America, Latin America, Asia pacific and Europe are free from political issues as company could not face any adversities in terms with the labour law, export traffics, trade barriers, tax policy etc. So the policy so the government issues and law not putting restriction Economic factors As the corporate lobby shoe is utilizing the technique of cost leadership, so it become economical stable for the company, the factors like exchange rates, interest rate, and inflations rates, affects the company highly but the company have develop the successive tools for managing cost. Social factor As this factor reflectors on the positive side of company because it is creating some value oriented for its customers the CSR of corporate lobby shoe is making advance socializing for the company. The corporate lobby shoes have given the charity and join many clubs and society for societal aspects. Technology factors This factor is crucial for modern touch in the corporate lobby shoe is holding the standardized and cost control tool, but the qualities of this never sacrifice. The company introduce private labelling technique as to maintain its cost in relevance with differentiating technique. The private labelling was done in Latin America and Asia as for benefiting this through business environment. Environment factors The surrounding in which company functioning is also important the etc should be focus as different continent would have the environment effects on foot ware so through this trend the corporate lobby shoe sells out or explore its footing products. Legal factors The corporate lobby shoe is following the rules and regulations of different government. As the policy of consumer law, discrimination law, antitrust law, etc. Are up to date different law like health and safety, employment and company legal law etc. are followed by the company in dealing with its contract to particular government. Strategy which company acquire The corporate lobby shoe company has become the cost leader as it had manage its cost very excellently and imply this strategy as the cost cutting would give low price to its customer and customer would satisfied highly through the low price with same quality it has reduce it shipping cost, and import barriers had cut the custom duty and miscellaneous cost reduce. The corporate lobby shoe had been differentiate from its competitors as it focus all the labour oriented market and middle class family can easily purchase the customize shoe with the low price and excellent styles fitting and superb quality. The analysis on the basis of the years Year: 11 In the starting time of the year 11 the corporate lobby shoe plant capacity in relations to the total production was 6 million and mostly this production was target through the North America and Asia pacific areas. The production went higher for this two area but the company managers had for the Latin America and Europe Africa. The corporate lobby shoe plans its total production in particular operation and administration so the corporate lobby shoe had to sale target production like from North America it is 2 million and Asia pacific it is 4 million respectively. The corporate lobby shoe has making the policy and plan to encourage the production as its implies the policy of free shipping advertisement in internet also the offered the model with attractive price there would be rebate on the model at delivery time granted and as well as customer on internet segment and whole segment at the end of the financial year of the company the profit as much as contrasting from the previous year but as the company holds the 5th position in the market for the industry 27, and through this it jump from credit rating B+ to A- with the financial progress in terms of money would be like net profit is and revenue______ is which are higher than the previous year. The return on equity and credit rating are very much high as they are beyond the investors expectations as ROE the investors expectation is 15% but the 15.60% and in credit rating it goes form B+ TO A- Year 12: The overall intensions of the corporate lobby is to make the huge profits so they are planning to reduce their cost and covering the market, as they most probably cover the market in the whole sale segment but as they increase the private label sales from the year 12th their market shares fall from 8.50% to 8.10% respectively. The image rating also fall dramatically, as it was constant in the year 11. The stock price went high up to $2 per pair as in the year 11 the stock level was risen up to $34. Probably the investors are not happy in this year because the ROE and EPS were low were falling under the expectation of investors as in year 12 it was 14.39% almost 0.51% lacking and EPS was $2.71 where investors expect the $2.95. The pairs rejected in the brand were almost 7 to 8% approximately from 5300 pairs the rejection was 329 pairs. The company was not at all facing the inventory clearance in all the three segments with all the four areas. The ware housing operating expe nses for the European Africa was very much high and the company was holding a huge amount of production in those areas as it was $2.03 per pair in whole sale segment and 0.80 in the internet segment. The operating profits margins where good in the internet sectors as we see overall performance it was 16.9% to 23.3% is due to bearing the advertising cost an imply the low cost branded wear. Year 13: This was the fabulous year for the corporate lobby shoes, as the company had not made any changes but the result and decision implied on the year 12 had been very much useful and their reflection is shown as only 0.20% were the expenses which the company sacrifice for the CSR as in terms of money it is $1121. The market share of the company was high as in year 12 the company had increased the private labelling sales as through the high market is covered. The credit rating of the company went high which from A- to A but the image rate fall by 6%. The value of stock price had huge increase as it shows how from the $36 was the expectation but in year 13 it went to the $64. As this year investors would also be very much happy the ROE and EPS has also shown the drastic changes as 15% was investors expectations in ROE but went high on 20.70% and EPS wet to $4.67 per share were as investors expectations was only 3.05%. The price of internet segment were deduce up to 70 so that the m arket share would increase the company had reduce its quality cost as the TQM or Sig -Sigma expenditures went low. Only 0.33 for the current year. The cost of branded market segment also reduces to 26.85 as it affects the quality and got the S/R rating on 4 stars. Year 14: The company increase its production in the North America. By 300 pairs and maintained the good quality control, so the rejection pairs was only 4 to 5% of total production in branded. The company had introduced the green footwear materials which would increase the cost as this time company also does the charitable contributions, so the CSR would be more conscious to crab the costumer, it expenses on CSR raise highly which is $7264. DUE TO HIGH EXPENDITURES the ROE and EPS falls as the NP reduces .The N.P. is $243(million) approximately. The manager decided to lower the price on internet segment from $ 70 per pair to $69 per pair. The warehousing expenses and other administrative expenses remains the same like for 17107(000) it had 3.65 per pair in ware house. The exchange rate and the import tariff for the Europe and Africa had increased the cost highly so the return through segment was low. The manger decide no sale the private label brand shoe north America as the productio n and shipping cost in private label segment went too much high, this would result in the low N.P. The company declare the $0.10 dividend per share for its investors through the previous profits. The firms internet segment market share is decreasing as compared to whole sale market share for the year 14. The Companys liquidity position is quiet well secured as its net cash balance at the year end is 51,061 which is reasonably good and worthwhile. The company had decided to raise funds as to overcome from this expensive cost from the banks of $23,000(000). Year 15 The mostly all the strategies and decisions remain the same as the above year but, there some changes occurs in figure only, as the N.P. went very much higher in the year 15 which was approximately 358 (millions) as well as the EPS was higher 5.80$ per share which was beyond the investors expectation. In this year the manager decided only to the company to work in the internet sector segment where as the private label segments was removed by the firm the company through to concentrate on whole sale segments and internet market segment in those area would give the company makes highest revenue which is Asia pacific and north America. The stock price again had shown the dramatically change by 104$ per stock price and the expectation of investor was 42$ so this credit rating of the company was A+ but the image rating were not up to the mark. In this for the north America area which is the most profitable area for the company manager decide to increase the production of 500(000) pai rs which would indirectly reduce the cost of operating and increase the revenue the overall warehousing cost reduce as if the overall 24,037(000)pair kept it had cost 3.29 per pair. The manager decided to take a higher advertising cost in the whole sale segment as mostly 70% of production were from this sector. The company had decreased the cash flow as its net balance of cash comes 47,307$(000) as by the firm and this raise the high profits. The managers also agree to raise there were investment done by the firm and this raise the high profits. The manager also agrees to raise their funds in the energy efficiency help to gain the profit over its cost. The forecast the demand in future was high 6 to 7% of the current year sold out. Conclusion As we see there were huge and effective decisions were taken by the company which helps to increase the profit, as holding the decisions regarding saving cost, plant implementation and increasing production would led to the high profits. Appendix: 1 financial position

Family Definition - Chemistry Glossary

The Threat Against Sea Turtles - 2634 Words

There are over 1 million known species of plants and animals that in habit the plant’s oceans, and scientist estimate that there are over 9 million more species that have yet to be discovered. Those numbers seem to have great value, but when put in perspective there are only 7 species of sea turtles in the vast ocean, those numbers don t seem so big after all. Even more so when you say all 7 species are on the endangered list of extinction. One of the biggest threat against sea turtles, and all other oceanic life, is the pollution crisis of plastics, glass, and all other trash. But as long as people dump their trash in the oceans, and it doesn t violate the government’s dumping regulations, then it’s perfectly http://i.imgur.com/foQcVja.jpg legal. Without breaking any laws, people will always continue to do it and the ocean will continue to suffer because of it. On the other side of dumping trash into the oceans scientist are gathering huge amounts of data on ho w we’re killing the oceans and everything that lives in it. That is why we must come to our senses and use the common ground of finding a new way to dispose of trash and help rebuild the oceans to sustain life on the planet. When it comes to pollution in the oceans people automatically think that they re talking about glass, trash, and plastic. However, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) team has collaborated to discuss just how exactly does the ocean get so polluted around the mainlands.Show MoreRelatedThe loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, is a threatened species with a highly migratory700 Words   |  3 PagesThe loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, is a threatened species with a highly migratory behavior and shifting habitat requirements depending on maturity (NMFS and USFWS 1998). 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Global Business And Social Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Business And Social Technology. Answer: Introduction This paper will address how international student can find a good solutionin enhancing their employability. There are some of the destinations around the world, which made them famous as educational hubs. These hubs are attracting huge number of international students from around the world. Melbourne in Australia is one of those hubs, which attracts millions of international students. However, majority of the international students are not having the required skills and expertise, which is required and expected in order to be eligible for employment (Di Pietro 2015). The aim of this essay is to discuss about an effective and ideal solution of the identified issue of the international students. In addition, I will also evaluate the innovative idea against the Schamar 7 R framework in order to determine its effectiveness. Issue faced by the international students The core objective of the international students to migrate to Melbourne is to have quality higher education and make them eligible for the employability in the leading global business organizations. However, it is the perception of the majority of the students that having the degree of the higher education will help them to gain the eligibility of getting employed in the top brands (Tymon 2013). However, that is not the case and apart from the educational degree, there are some other factors such as communication skills, favorable personality and problem solving skills are also important in having the eligibility (Hunt et al. 2013). These instincts cannot be taught in the colleges and it requires added facilities to help the students in gaining these attributes. However, currently there is nothing like that, which will help the students in enhancing their employability. Innovative solution The solution, which I thought will be the most ideal and effective in dealing with the identified issue of the international students is to have a live online portal where both the students and the industrial trainers will be able to meet each other at any point of time. The portal will be designed in such a way that it will have dual benefits for both the industries and the students. Industries will be added in this project due to the reason that according to me, it is the industries that will be able to effectively communicate their exact requirements and expectations from the students. Thus, with the help of the website, companies will be able to determine the market trend along with the availability of the talents. However, the website will not only the mere contact platform for the students and the company representatives. Rather it will have number of added facilities for the students. One of the added facilities provided to the students is the online vocational training. In ma jority of the colleges, vocational training is being given to the students prior to their placement drive. However, these courses and training are inadequate in nature. Thus, having the facility of the online vocational training courses will help the students to be updated according to the current industrial need and requirement. Moreover, the approach of the requirements of the industries changes with time and these changes can be communicated to the students only through the website. The portal will also have the access to the motivational videos by the industrial experts andmanagement gurus. This will help the students to have the idea about how their skills should be developed in order to increase their employability in the market. Another section will be of current affairs with having the information from different sectors. This will equip the students with having the current and updated idea. This is important in order to answer the questions from the general knowledge at the time of the interview. Evaluating with the 7Rs framework Schamars 7 Rs framework will be used to evaluate the efficacy of the given solution from the different aspects. This framework covers different diverse areas, which will help to evaluate the diverse characteristics of the given solution. Relevance The solution will help to meet the core requirement of the students. The core need of the students is to have some solution to increase their employability in the increased competition in the job market. Thus, they are in the need of some solution, which will provide them holistic user value in enhancing their employability. On the other hand, the given solution will have all the required elements, which will require in enhancing the employability of the students. Moreover, due to the solution will be an online medium, the features will always be updated. Revolutionary The solution given by me will be a game changer because, currently there are no other live websites accessible in the market for the students, which will provide holistic user experience to them. However, there are some close substitutes already accessible in the market, which will either provide only the vocational course or have the motivational videos for the students. But I have designed the solution in such a way that it will provide all the required elements for the students. In addition, no other existing services are having the facility of interacting live with the industrial experts and trainers, which I have included in the solution. Rapid The idea can be implemented fast due to the reason that the portal will be aligned with the existing student portal of the colleges. In the current time, majority of the colleges are having the student portal where all the communication and transaction takes place. Thus, it will not be a difficult task for the colleges to add this solution with their existing portal and it can be done in minimal time with the existing resources. Moreover, it will be easy to access and the students will not find any difficulty to access the portal. Rough As discussed earlier, the portal will be aligned with the existing student portal of the colleges. Thus, it can be implemented in small and local scale. The major advantage from this will be the involvement of less risk. This is because that having the option of locally implementing it will help to determine the viability of the project. The budget will also be lower as the entire process is not new, rather it will just act as added feature of the existing student portal of the colleges. It is estimated that approximately AUD 2500 will require in developing the project. Right The solution is focusing on the right issue along with covering some other added issues. It will help the students in having the idea about what and how to do in enhancing their employability. Added features will help both the students and the companies to get to know about each others trend and expectation. Hence, with the addition of the added features with the website, the right element can be more effectively impleme Relationally effective It will be effective due to the reason that companys representatives will be involved in the project. Thus, there will no chance of having miscommunication between the students and the corporate needs. It will be most effective in aligning the expertise of the students in relation to the industrial requirements. It will prove beneficial and effective from the side of the employers also. This is due to the fact that with the help of the portal, they will be able to determine the trend in the current student standards along with identifying the gap areas for the further improvement. Replicable The discussed solution can be scaled up due to the presence of the international students in different regions around the world. Moreover, it will be easy to implement just with aligning the solution with the existing portals of the colleges. Thus, based on the feedback received and the success rate of the solution, it can easily scale up in other locations around the world. This will have more favorable impact on the students along with involvement of more number of company representatives in the system. Thus the entire process will be more effective and efficient for the all the parties involved. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the discussed solution in this easy will be beneficial and fruitful for the international students in Melbourne in enhancing their employability. This essay discussed about the diverse areas to be covered by the given solution. It is evaluated that the solution will have maximum effectiveness as compared to the current available solutions in the market. Recommendations The discussed solution should be provided to the students at free of cost in order to increase the traffic and popularity of it. The solution should be made flexible enough in order to modify it according to the feedback received. There will be obviously some shortcomings to be identified in the coming time. Thus, they should be effectively rectified. Colleges should align their placement drive with the portal. This will enable the companies to select the candidates from the discussion in the portal. References Di Pietro, G., 2015. Do study abroad programs enhance the employability of graduates?.Education Finance and policy,10(2), pp.223-243. Hunt, I., Brien, E.O., Tormey, D., Alexander, S., Mc Quade, E. and Hennessy, M., 2013. Educational programmes for future employability of graduates in SMEs.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,24(3), pp.501-510. Tymon, A., 2013. The student perspective on employability.Studies in higher education,andmanagement 38(6), pp.841-856.

15 Secret Study Tips of Getting Good Grades

1. Take responsibility of this thing. College isnt like  secondary school. Theres no instructor or parent to help you consistently to remind your tasks. So venture at the plate and assume liability. What grades you get will rely on upon what you yourself do. 2. Select, dont settle. To get decent grades in college, its critical that you pick the correct courses. Pick classes that you want to do. Also, make sure to pick the correct level in required courses, for example, math, English comp, sciences, and dialects (in a few universities, there are five courses all bearing the name college math). The majority of all, dont acknowledge some standard rookie program from your counsel. Pick your courses one by one, giving careful consideration that some satisfy dispersion necessities, some check to a conceivable real, some fulfill some enthusiasm of yours, and no less than one is something that by one means or another sounds fascinating. Youll improve in the event that youve settled on the correct options.   College students now getting familiar with  academic writing services to get high grades in their academic careers. 3. Try not to over-burden. A few students  believe its a characteristic of pride to take the same number of hours as the college permits. It isnt. Take four or and no more five courses every semester. Furthermore, unless you are extremely extraordinary, dont take more than one noteworthy. Each significant comes furnished with 10 or 12 required courses, and you can truly murder your GPA in case youre taking heaps of required—that is, constrained—courses in a noteworthy that youre just half-intrigued by. Also you can hire   to get your academic tasks done. 4. Make an arrangement. Some portion of getting decent grades is adjusting off the different things you need to do, step by step. So get a logbook—electronic is great—and enter in every one of your classes, exams, and papers, and educators available time (more on that later). For the overcome, likewise enter in the hours you plan to concentrate every week for each course. That way, youll have an arrangement for (or possibly a dream about) what youll be doing as the semester advances. There are lots of  academic writing companies which offer all type of academic services that help in such arrangement to make sure students get higher grades. 5. Regular at Classes. Most students  have a cutting spending plan: the quantity of addresses they can miss in each course and still do well. In any case, if there are 35 class gatherings, each class has around 3 percent of the substance. Miss seven, and that is 20 percent. Whats more, in the event that you pass over the class just before Thanksgiving and the educator picks the paper address for the last from that very class . . . all things considered, you can truly do significant harm to your GPA at the cost of one class. Do you consider  assignment writing service  for your perfect assignments. 6. Be a robo-note taker. In numerous introduction courses, the educators addresses shape the significant piece of the material tried on the midterm and last. So you ought to record everything the teacher says in the address. Try not to stress excessively over the structure, and disregard exceptional note-taking frameworks (Cornell Note-Taking System, Mind Mapping, or the five Rs of good note taking). Simply get everything down—you can simply set it up later. 7-Star Tip. Give careful consideration to recording anything the prof composes on the board and any Power Points he or she may utilize. Make sure to catch any clarifications given, as you may experience difficulty understanding the code words given without the teachers clarifications. 8. Dodge second chances. Its a truly awful thought to want to do things twice: recording the addresses with tuning in to them again when you return home, doing the perusing three times, replicating over your notes the day preceding the test. Center as hard as you can the first run through and make a better than average showing with regards to. Click to know about USA Top Online Assignment Writing Services 9. Concentrate like you would not joke about this. At college, youre required to set up a hour or two (in some cases more) for each class meeting. This implies planning the time every week and finding a proper study condition. No gadgets, no long range informal communication, no companions, no eating—only your psyche up against the work. We know this can be agonizing—yet all students  who get As do this (regardless of what they let you know). 10. Get serious about tests. Prior to each test, take a practice test you make up, with inquiries like the ones you expect on the genuine test. Compose it out under test conditions (no notes, restricted time). Utilize presents, think about aides, homeworks and labs, old exams, and clues from the prof or TA to build the test. On the off chance that you get to a test and the inquiries look astonishing to you, you havent generally arranged appropriately. 11. Try not to be a Wiki-potamus. On the off chance that your course has an exploration paper, ensure you utilize legitimate, insightful materials. Look to the task sheet or potentially directions in address or segment to perceive what the prof is anticipating. Most importantly, disregard Wikipedia and visually impaired Google looks: These normally dont yield the kind of substance that is ideal for a college paper. 12. Connect with the prof. The most underused asset at college—and the one destined to profit your review—is the workplace hour, either face to face or electronic. This is truly the main time that you can get one-on-one assistance from a prof or TA. Discover when your educator needs to meet and in what methodology—customary available time, E-mail request, Skype, or significantly Twitter or Facebook. 13. Join a group. Numerous students, particularly in the sciences, enhance their grades with study pals or study gatherings—particularly when their partners are more astute than they. Attempt to meet at any rate once every week—particularly in courses in which there are week by week issue sets or tests. Students  can enhance their evaluations one level (or more) when they focus on working in a composed route with different students. You may be interested in   Best dissertation writing service 14. Play every one of the four quarters. Most college courses are backloaded: More than half of the review is left to assignments due in the most recent month of the semester. Ensure youre not coming up short on gas similarly as the third test, research project, and last are going on. A few recommendations? Pace yourself, keep up your anxiety lessening exercises, and bear in mind to eat and rest. 15. Do the additional items. In a few courses, there are exceptional, end-of-the-semester exercises that can enhance your review. Exploit survey sessions, additional available time, and additional credit work. Particularly in colleges where there are no pluses and minuses, even a little review change can push you past the halfway point (say, from B in addition to A short—that is, to A). Trust in No. 1. An extensive piece of decent grades is great mentality: accepting—truly trusting—that you can do it (and afterward doing it).

The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Essay Example

The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Essay Example The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Paper The Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Paper The developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understanding to developmental processes that go into a child growing to an adult. Jean Piaget is best known for his theory that suggested children think differently than adults. His theory proposed that children’s cognitive development developed in stages. The stages began with the sensorimotor stage (Birth to two years), where children are concerned with mastering concrete objects. During this process infants rely on their senses, such as touch, and their movements to learn to manipulate things close to them. An example used is that a reflex infants have is to close their hand and grasp an object when it is placed in their hand, during this stage children learn to purposefully reach out and grasp objects at will. Infants learn this process and build on it leading into the ability to throw things and when they get older they will obtain the ability to use their imagination with objects such as using an object to imitate a different one. The second stage is the preoperational stage ( 2-7years) in which the mastery of symbols happens. In this stage children obtain the ability to represent objects that are not present. A child will be able to use things like blocks to build imaginary cities, or play games like house and doctor. Certain objects take on the ability to be other objects even though the child knows that is not what they are in reality. Another part of the second stage according to Piaget’s theory, is that children do not possess correct logic because they are only able to view the world from one perspective. If you show a child a container holding sand that is long and flat, and a container holding sand that is tall and thin the child will believe that the quantity is different even If they are the same just in different containers. Children in this stage do not have an understanding of the why things work. That happens when they begin understanding operations. The third stage in is theory is the concrete stage ( 7-11 years) where children learn the ability to reason and how to work with classes, relations, and numbers. In this stage, if you show a child a similar example as the sand in the containers they will be able to understand that even though they look different the amounts are the same. Children in this stage learn the ability to see things from different perspectives and angles. With that ability their view of the world grows much greater and more profound. The final stage which is Formal operation otherwise known as abstract thinking (11years up) where children learn to master the process of thought. Similar to gaining the ability to see things from other perspectives, children in this stage gain the ability to predict how different situations or problems may turn out. â€Å"Complex ideas like love and values are not just repeated concepts as in the concrete stage but are abstractly constructed using multiple sources. † (Mossler, 2011, section 1. 5) He used the term â€Å"little scientists† to describe children and the way they view the world. They are basically discovering and experimenting with everything that they encounter and learning how to make it work. Understanding that children are not simply small adults is critical in understanding Piaget’s theory. According to Piaget children learned the world around them by experiencing the different stages at their appropriate times. He believed that there was no way a child could skip a stage and that everyone went through them at the same strategic points throughout life. He made the connection that â€Å"In the same way that children cannot be forced to walk before they are physiologically ready, they cannot perform certain intellectual tasks either. † (Mossler, 2011, section 1. ) Sigmund Freud stressed the importance of childhood events and experiences, but almost exclusively focused on mental disorders rather that normal functioning. He said child development is described as a series of psychosexual stages. Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a libidinal desire and can later play a role in adult personality. If a child does not successfully complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fixation that would later influence adult personality and behavior. Freud mostly based his theory from his therapy sessions with his adult patients consisting of many with various psychosomatic disorders. According to Freud’s theory these patients were experiencing physical symptoms because there was a psychosexual stage which they had not fully fulfilled. â€Å"He believed that our most basic instinct is to derive pleasure by giving in to our innate aggressive and sexual impulses. † (Mossler, 2011 section 1. 5) Freud described humans as having three essential components that built personality. The three components were the id, the ego, and the superego. He described the id, as being what governed an infant’s drive to overcome their primitive biological desires. According to his theory infants had no other goal than to release the tension that built up when their selfish needs do not get met. In this theory the view is that a person spends their life simply trying to overcome the aggressive and sexual impulses that are caused by the id. The second component is the ego which develops during the second and third year of life. The ego is rational whereas the id is demanding at all costs. Freud said that it was the ego’s responsibility to satisfy the wants of the id. The ego plays the role of a referee in a sense, where its goal is to both satisfy the id to keep frustrations at bay while doing it in a real and socially accommodating way. A primary example of the ego doing its job would be when a child wants a toy another child has, instead of simply taking it which is the want of the id, the ego forces the child to ask for a different toy, or to wait until the other child is done with it. This is otherwise known as the reality principal of the ego. Freud calls the third stage that develops between the ages of 3 and 6 the superego. This stage is the stage that takes place as the child’s personality matures and rules of morality set in. This component has two parts. The first being the conscience which is what governs the difference between right and wrong, the second being the do-ideal which drives the personality to obtain perfection. According to Freud it is inside the different psychosexual stages that the interaction of the three parts of personality develops. Each stage is focused on a different body part or particular function. The oral stage gets its name because Freud says that the center of pleasure for an infant is their mouth. Infants are notorious for putting every object they can get their hands on in their mouths. According to Freud placing objects in their mouth provides gratification such as having contact with a nipple or food. Freud said that within the second and third year the focus of a child moves from their mouth to their anus. His reasoning was a child learns to not give into their want for immediate gratification and learns to use the toilet. Freud’s theory says that if a certain stage is not fully satisfied during development that this will lead to a fixation on that area as an adult. â€Å"Babies who receive inadequate warmth and closeness due to the lack of breastfeeding might develop an eating disorder. A fixation at the anal stage results in obsessive orderliness and attention to detail, or hoarding behavior (the retention of objects, like controlling bowels).†(Mossler, 2011 section 1. 5) Freud states that maladjustment occurs when there is a lack of nurture from parents or there is an inappropriate interaction. He contrasts that with a well adjusted adult coming from a parental situation where the gratification was well balanced. Erik Erikson disagreed with Freud’s theory and said that humans are formed and challenged by the environment. He said that there crisis developed because there would be a psychological need and a societal pressure that would clash. â€Å"For instance, a fourth-grader has a need to achieve, but may have a teacher who puts unreasonable demands on performance. Perhaps the child has a learning disability or is simply asked to complete work that is too difficult. Erikson would theorize that a crisis would develop between the demands of the person and the demands of the social environment. † (Mossler, 2011 section 1. 5) Erikson is also credited with being one of the originators of Ego psychology, which stressed the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self awareness and identity. Erikson pointed out that what might be a crisis in one culture may not be perceived as such in another. He made a point that some things such as individual effort and competitiveness may be awarded in the American culture but not in a culture where the focus is to work cooperatively and the attention be more group oriented. For reasons like this and the many different cultures the same crisis of intersection would not apply universally in development. Erikson’s goal was to focus on psychosexual development, unlike Freud’s theory that focused mostly on psychosexual urges. Erickson believed it was important to focus on the importance of â€Å"self† within society, as well as how people interacted. For instance, in elementary school a child is motivated to learn new skills and attain a sense of competency; conversely, there is a risk of acquiring a sense of inferiority when the child feels socially incompetent or unproductive. † (Mossler, 2011 section 1. 5) According to Erikson’s theory, a person is constantly evolving and developing their personality throughout life. Erikson seen development as taking place in eight stages and did not see it as a stage that needed â€Å"completing† so much as a need to deal with the crisis and conflict that developed in the next stage. There are several similarities and differences between the three theories. Similarly all three break development down into stages. Eriksons greatest innovation was to form not five stages of development, as Sigmund Freud had done with his psychosexual stages, but eight. Erik Erikson believed that every human being goes through a certain number of stages to reach his or her full development, theorizing eight stages that need to be accomplished from birth to death. Erikson continued Freuds genital stage into adolescence, and added three stages of adulthood. Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understanding to developmental processes that go into a child growing to an adult. References: Mossler, R. A. (2011). Child and adolescent development. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

World History I Beginnings to 1750 - Classical Era Essay

World History I Beginnings to 1750 - Classical Era - Essay Example THE EMPIRE POLITIC. Our ascension to the throne has been accomplished through the means of familial succession of our self as God’s chosen emperor for this great land, as senatorially confirmed by the elected representatives of the people. We have no desire to alter this stable form of governance which has led to our own advent. To that end, we shall continue to support the limited self-governance of the people by and through their elected representatives, overseen by the benevolent Imperial Family. Furthermore, the population of our domain shall continue to be represented in our senatorial convocation through the traditional weighted vote: Each person over the age of 21 years shall have one vote as to who will be the senatorial representative of their district. Those persons in the merchant and trade classes of the same age shall have two votes. Those landholders and their families of each district shall have four. As always, we shall confirm the choices of the people by our imperial endorsement of their selection. Through this system, we shall preserve our political unity, ensure continued efficient political process, and enjoy the abundant prosperity inherent to such a proper blending of the voice of the people with the rule of the Imperial Family. THE EMPIRE ECONOMIC. We are pleased with the economic condition of the empire. Our policies shall continue to encourage a healthy and robust peasantry, who shall provide labor within the agricultural and non-skilled trade sectors while being fairly treated to either a living wage or the provision of home and sustenance with a modest stipend. Our policies shall seek to increase the trade and merchant sectors of our economy, so that commerce remains free and profitable. Of course, our barony and major landholders shall continue to provide tax revenues and contribute to the defense of our great empire