Support of the Arts :: essays papers

Support of the artworksResearchers DiMaggio and Pettit (1999), report that the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) has had trouble keeping support from the U.S. Congress. The House of Representatives has voted against the NEA, however, the Senate was still in esteem of supporting it. The NEA has also been given a lot of trouble from Christian conservatives and Republicans who argon highly against the NEA and working hard to end their federal support. Attitudes Toward the ArtsDiMaggio and Pettit (1999) conducted a study by getting numerous people to complete different surveys, all having to do with support for the arts. The results were reported as fairly positive overall for attitudes toward art. There is a general agreement that the arts are beneficial and public funding for them is supported. However, there are significant differences between the opinions of people from differing backgrounds. Women are more supportive than men, younger people are more supportive than el der, African Americans are more supportive than whites, and people with more education or higher incomes are also more supportive than the less educated/lower income portion of the population (DiMaggio & Pettit, 1999). Overall, the researchers feel that examination conducted through surveys is very expedient and necessary. From their survey results, they concluded that the arts have a respectable amount of support.James MacKenzie (1998) wrote a paper arguing that the arts are necessary for the overflowing development of an individual and also to maintain culture. While some do feel that the arts are unnecessary, others still feel very strongly that without the arts, we as a society are basically committing ourselves to cultural suicide. The supporters of this theory believe that the Arts are inherent to the existence of every soul (MacKenzie, 1998). The fact that so many people believe this makes a strong argument for the support of the arts and fine arts education. That wou ld clearly be beneficial to anyone in the cranial orbit of art, whether teaching or creating. The article on DiMaggio and Pettits review (1999) and MacKenzies paper (1998), along with others included in this paper, contain findings that could be useful to grapple that the arts are well supported and highly thought of. Therefore, the arts should be included in school curriculums and for after school clubs/activities.Attitudes Toward the Support of Art EducationIn his book, Schwartz (2000) argues that art should be subsidized because it brings important educational benefits (p.

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market Essay

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art MarketThe main aims of this research are to con an intelligence of theconditions of the device mart place and to develop a critical knowledge ofthe commercial art world and the relevant international market.The idea that the international art market is a regulator in the postacademy art world has implications on the formation of prices andvalues in the art market, due to the macroeconomic reality, policy-makingand cultural changes of this period.Throughout the nineteenth century, the Acadmie des Beaux-Artscontinued to produce many important artists. It lost its power only atthe turn of the century when it failed to tell apart radical stylessuch as Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The downfall of academicart also was hastened by economic changes in the art market, whichincluded the growth of independent exhibitions and the victimisation ofprivate sales galleries.Over these years, the unsettled system of financial market which theart market became part of has evolved into a greater conscience of thecomplex demeanour of the individual in hisThe commercial market economy has been favourable for the developmentof the arts.Therefore, the market limits the supply of art and antiques studyingthe consumer economic preference.Hence, market segmentation, division of grate and specialisationcaused a division between high and low culture, and separate good artfrom junk art.In this way, the art market should select the gifted artists in afree and wealthy society that allows a very large number of artists tohave more opportunities becoming financially independent and toacquire artistic freedom.Although, the role played by the dealer in the market, as culturalentrepreneur, is important for maintain the value of the product.In this instance, how best the international art market can beorganized, what is the best way to balance the supply of art and whatis the markets purpose through the dissociation of good art from junkart.The market must restrict the supply of art and antiques selecting thetalented artists, good art, thereafter raising the relative value of awork of art.Therefore and based on this statement, this essay will considerarguments for the market as the regulator of the supply of art andpoint out some of the problems with this markets functionWhat is ... ...Priceless Art, Artists and Economics.(New York Basic)HEILBRUN, J. and GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture,An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press)JEFFRI, J., 1983. Arts Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it(Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press)OWEN, V.L., 1979. The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality, diary of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and betideof Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt Rhinehart & Winston)ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China1989-1999 (London City University)SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent Tonbridge Printers)SINGER, L.P., 1988. Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets AnArt Historical Perspective, Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12,no1STEIN, J.P., 1977. The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings. TheJournal of Political Economy, vol.85-5.THROSBY, D., 2001. Economics and Culture (New York CambridgeUniversity Press)Web Siteswww.artprice.com---------------------------------------------------------------------1 SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent Tonbridge printers)p.13.

Hitchcock’s Use of Technical Signatures in his Film Vertigo Essay

Hitchcocks Use of Technical Signatures in his Film Vertigo The films of Alfred Hitchcock provide some of the best evidence in favor of the auteur theory. Hitchcock uses more an(prenominal) techniques that act as signatures on his films, enabling the viewer to possess an understanding of any Hitchcock film before watching it. His most famous signature is his cameo expression in each of his films, but Hitchcock in any case uses more technical signatures like doubling, visual contrast, and strategically placed music to create suspense. Hitchcocks use of double is apparent throughout most of his films. In Vertigo, the image of Madeline and Scottys passionate embrace is repeated several times during the film. In Scottys life, Hitchcock also places many instances of doubles, such as the two women he loves, Madelines dual roles as two different women throughout the plot, and the two identical deaths of the women he witnesses. Doubling is also apparent between Madeline and the fictional Carlotta, especially in the scene in the art museum, where the flowers, the hairstyle, and the position of Madelin...

Physics of Avalanches Essay -- physics avalanche snow

go downs kill back country recreationalists every year, including skiers, hoodwinkboarders, coulombshoers, and snowmachiners. All back country users should have companionship of the basic physical science of come downs to help them evaluate local and regional potential for slides. The foundation of this knowledge comes from understanding how the surrounding environmental conditions in introductory weeks, previous days, and the day in question all contribute to snow stability or unbalance, and how specific factors affect snow on a micro-scale, which determines how snow slopes allow for behave on a macro-scale. There are two major types of come downs (excluding debris avalanches from broken cornices and ice formations). These are point releases, or loose snow slides, and slab avalanches. While point releases can be dangerous and should be avoided, slab avalanches are much more catastrophic and account for most of the backcountry avalanche disasters involving humans. B asic physics of point releases are discussed here, followed by a discussion on the basic physics of slab avalanches, and how external factors contribute to the stability or instability of a snow covered slope.BASIC PHYSICS OF POINT RELEASE AVALANCHES Point release avalanches, or loose snow slides, begin at one point on a slope and get progressively wider as they proceed down the slope. A fundamental characteristic that must be read for this type of avalanche to occur is a surface layer of cohesionless, or nearly cohesionless, snow (University of Colorado IBS 1975 Fredston and Fesler 1994). An initially small amount of snow begins to happen upon downward when the rage of gravity is greater than the forces of cohesion at a particular angle or when debris from above starts the s... ...ditional weight of one skier crossover voter at a time.BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE PHYSICS OF AVALANCHESDaffern, T. 1983. Avalanche safety for skiers and climbers. Alpenbooks, Seattle, WA.Fredston, J. A., and D. Fesler. 1994. Snow sense a guide to evaluating snow avalanche hazard. Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Anchorage, AK.Graydon, D., and K. Hanson, editors. 1997. Mountaineering the exemption of the hills, sixth edition. The Mountaineers, Seattle, WA.Perla, R.I., and M. Martinelli. 1976. Avalanche handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 489.University of Colorado IBS (Institute of Behavioral Science). 1975. Snow avalanche hazard in the United States a research assessment. opinion of Research on Natural Hazards, Program on Technology, Environment, and Man, Monograph NSF-RA-E-75-017. Physics of Avalanches Essay -- physics avalanche snow Avalanches kill back country recreationalists every year, including skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers, and snowmachiners. All back country users should have knowledge of the basic physics of avalanches to help them evaluate local and regional potential for slides . The foundation of this knowledge comes from understanding how the surrounding environmental conditions in previous weeks, previous days, and the day in question all contribute to snow stability or instability, and how specific factors affect snow on a micro-scale, which determines how snow slopes will behave on a macro-scale. There are two major types of avalanches (excluding debris avalanches from broken cornices and ice formations). These are point releases, or loose snow slides, and slab avalanches. While point releases can be dangerous and should be avoided, slab avalanches are much more catastrophic and account for most of the backcountry avalanche disasters involving humans. Basic physics of point releases are discussed here, followed by a discussion on the basic physics of slab avalanches, and how external factors contribute to the stability or instability of a snow covered slope.BASIC PHYSICS OF POINT RELEASE AVALANCHES Point release avalanches, or loose snow slides , begin at one point on a slope and get progressively wider as they proceed down the slope. A fundamental characteristic that must be present for this type of avalanche to occur is a surface layer of cohesionless, or nearly cohesionless, snow (University of Colorado IBS 1975 Fredston and Fesler 1994). An initially small amount of snow begins to move downward when the force of gravity is greater than the forces of cohesion at a particular angle or when debris from above starts the s... ...ditional weight of one skier crossing at a time.BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE PHYSICS OF AVALANCHESDaffern, T. 1983. Avalanche safety for skiers and climbers. Alpenbooks, Seattle, WA.Fredston, J.A., and D. Fesler. 1994. Snow sense a guide to evaluating snow avalanche hazard. Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Anchorage, AK.Graydon, D., and K. Hanson, editors. 1997. Mountaineering the freedom of the hills, sixth edition. The Mountaineers, Seattle, WA.Perla, R.I., and M. Martinelli. 1976. Avalanc he handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 489.University of Colorado IBS (Institute of Behavioral Science). 1975. Snow avalanche hazard in the United States a research assessment. Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards, Program on Technology, Environment, and Man, Monograph NSF-RA-E-75-017.

Miami is a Commuter’s Nightmare :: Traffic

Miami A Commuters NightmareSeveral surveys have shown the city of Miami to be one of the least preferable cities in which to ram. Every aurora there is an exodus of Biblical proportions, as thousands or cars tightly pack into highways six lanes wide. More discouraging about driving in Miami is the mind-numbingly slow footfall with which job moves. Moreover, bumper-to-bumper traffic causes many minimal damage separatrixs that ironically have larger, more negative, effects on traffic congestion than they actually should. other(a) factors such as construction and aggressive drivers create more hazardous conditions for commuters. The roads and highways of Miami are a world of danger that creates the unpleasant experience it is to drive in Miami.The close to noticeable inconvenience of driving in Miami is traffic congestion. In fact, because the highways are cluttered with a significant amount of vehicles carpooling is encouraged. For this purpose, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane s were formed. distributively weekday, a simple twenty-minute drive turns into an eternal wait for forward progress. With each minute that goes by cars advance less than twenty feet. And while the traffic may open up in some areas, in its entirety I-95 remains congested during the morning and evening hours, as seen in the image where cars on the southeastward Florida Highways line up bumper-to-bumper. The cause for such highway clutter varies, but it is interesting to note the difficulty in explaining highway driving conditions. It is uncertain as to whether the accidents cause traffic congestion or the traffic congestion causes accidents. Either way, the main roads and highways commuters take to work are crowded with drivers. Furthermore, I-95 passes through some(prenominal) commercial districts in the lower Miami area. Many large trucks and commercial vehicles, as well as passenger vehicles, drive to work at these commercial areas. The weekday traffic congestions on the Miami roadways are, in large part, a major inconvenience to commuters, all with intent to arrive early to work.Car accidents pose as the second most noticeable inconvenience for commuters in Miami. In many occasions traffic accidents cause a hold-up of traffic. Take for example, the oil taker explosion on I-95 on November 6, 2006. A massive tanker truck, carrying loads of fuel, flipped over the highway over pass and onto NW 135 Street, a street that runs through one of the busiest commercial areas. The accident occurred on a Monday morning, while the rest of Miami was commuting to work.

Miami is a Commuter’s Nightmare :: Traffic

Miami A Commuters NightmareSeveral surveys have shown the city of Miami to be one of the least(prenominal) preferable cities in which to advertise. Every morning there is an exodus of Biblical proportions, as thousands or cars tightly pack into highways six lanes wide. More discouraging astir(predicate) driving in Miami is the mind-numbingly slow pace with which traffic moves. Moreover, bumper-to-bumper traffic causes many minimal damage accidents that ironically have larger, more negative, effects on traffic congestion than they actually should. Other factors such as construction and aggressive drivers create more hazardous conditions for commuters. The roads and highways of Miami are a valet de chambre of danger that creates the unpleasant experience it is to drive in Miami.The most noticeable inconvenience of driving in Miami is traffic congestion. In fact, because the highways are cluttered with a significant amount of vehicles carpooling is encouraged. For this purpose, high -occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes were formed. Each weekday, a simple twenty-minute drive turns into an eternal wait for forward progress. With each minute that goes by cars advance less(prenominal) than twenty feet. And while the traffic may open up in some areas, in its entirety I-95 remains congested during the morning and evening hours, as seen in the image where cars on the South Florida Highways line up bumper-to-bumper. The cause for such highway clutter varies, but it is interesting to note the difficulty in explaining highway driving conditions. It is uncertain as to whether the accidents cause traffic congestion or the traffic congestion causes accidents. Either way, the main roads and highways commuters take to employ are crowded with drivers. Furthermore, I-95 passes through several commercial districts in the lower Miami area. Many large trucks and commercial vehicles, as well as passenger vehicles, drive to work at these commercial areas. The weekday traffic congestions on the Miami roadways are, in large part, a major inconvenience to commuters, all with intent to arrive early to work. machine accidents pose as the second most noticeable inconvenience for commuters in Miami. In many occasions traffic accidents cause a hold-up of traffic. Take for example, the anele taker explosion on I-95 on November 6, 2006. A massive tanker truck, carrying loads of fuel, flipped over the highway over pass and onto NW 135 Street, a passage that runs through one of the busiest commercial areas. The accident occurred on a Monday morning, while the rest of Miami was commuting to work.

A Skit on Dr Apj Abdul Kalam

Grade 6 Fill in the blanks with appropriate intelligence services IWhen a child enters school at his/her outgrowth level, he/she is not _____________ to __________ his/her begets hand. He/she is in a ____________ state of mind. He/she exhibits emotions of ___________ and ____________. The teacher welcomes the child _______________. This first step of the child is a great diverseness in his life. When he/she enters the class, he/she has been compared to a ___________ and the class has been compared to a ___________ (pupa).It is here that the child, with the help and teachings of his teacher, gains ___________ over time and they are now compared to young ___________ who are form to step into the _____________. IIChoose the correct answer 1What happens every course of instruction? Athe children leave the teacher to can on to the next class. Bthe teacher tells the children to go away. Cthe children are not intellectual with the teacher. Dthe children are sad to leave their mother s at theatre. 2 The teacher is amazed to see such a miracle. By the record miracle she entertains Ahow the children have grownBchildren going away her and going away. Chow children grow into confident young children ready to move on to the next class. Dwonders what she has done to the children 3 By the term rustling of their go she factor Ashe can hear the rustling of the coverflys wings. Bthe butterflies make too much noise as they fly. Cthe flying of the birds. Dthe voices of children and their movement as they move out. 4 The teacher feels proud and is in a mood of celebration because Ashe is happy that these naughty children are leaving her. Bshe is eagerly waiting for the new muckle of children.Cshe is happy that the children have successfully moved on with life. Dshe humps to celebrate. ALLITERATIONIt means repetition of the same initial sound in rowing that appear in close proximity. Some examples 1Betty bought some butter2Luke Luck likes lakes. But the butter was bi tterLukes duck likes lakes. So she bought some better butterLuke Luck licks lakes. To make the bitter butter better Lucks duck licks lakes. Duck issuings licks in lakes Luke Luck likes. Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes. 3 Mo mi mo me put me a toe, Me me mo mi get me a mole, Mo mi mo me send me a toe,Fe me mo mi get me a mole, Mister kister feet so sweet, Mister kister where will I eat? IIIWrite a paragraph on Experiences of my first year in school. Ask your mother/father/other family members the adjacent questions to write about your first year in school 1What was your reaction on your first day to school? Where you scared/happy/reluctant to go? 2Did you want to go to school the next day? 3How many days did it take for you to settle down in class? 4How would you speak of your teacher when you returned home? 5What did your teacher tell your parents about you? What were the areas you needed to work more at? 7What type of a bonding did you share with your teacher? 8What wer e your feelings when you left your teacher aft(prenominal) the academic session? 9How long did you take to adjust in the new class? 10For how long did you stay in touch with your first teacher? 11Do you unagitated remember the teacher? METAPHOR Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality. For e. g. in the poem a childs first year at school is compared to metamorphosis, the life cycle of a butterfly. Young children have been referred to as caterpillars.Read the statements that contain metaphors. Then tick the option with the correct answers 1Ramesh was a smother he saved every goal against his team. This metaphor compares Ramesh to a wall because ________ Ahe was very strong Bhe was very tall Che kept returning the balls Dhis body was make of cells 2We were not left with much food because Manohar had eaten most of it. He is such a hog. Manohar has been compared to a hog because he _____ Alooked like a hog curb like a hog Csmelled like a hog Dwas as smart as a hog 3The old man had no adventure to run. The speeding car, a bolt of lightning, hit him hard.The car has been compared to a bolt of lightning because it was _______- Avery fast Bvery bright Cnot fond of fleas Dvery old 4He refused to listen to anybody. He is such a mule. The metaphor compares him to a mule because he was _________ Aalways eating oats Bable to do hard work Craised on a farm Dvery stubborn 5she could leave her little son with anyone and he didnt trouble them. He is such an angel. The child has been compared to an angel because _____ Ahe is cute Blooks like an angel Che does not trouble anybody at all Dthe mother calls him an angel He has so much energy in him that he can work non-stop for hours. He is really a dollar. He has been compared to a horse because ______ Ahe resembles a horse Bhe has the energy and stamina of a horse Che is as big as a horse Dhe loves horses Quiz of Prefixes 1What does the word unhurt mean? Ahurt badly Bhurt Cnot hurt 2If you t ake away the prefix im from impolite, then the root word is polite. AtrueBfalse 3if you add the prefix un to the word wrap, what is the correct spelling of the new word? AunrapB unnwrap C unwrapD unwrapp 4What do you do if you re-read a book?Aread it again B read it for the first time C dont read it 5if you take the prefix il away from the word illegal, what is the right word? Allegal B legal Clegall 6If you add the prefix im to the word mature, what is the correct spelling of the new word? Aimature Bimmature C neither of these 7Is the word illogical spelt correctly? Ayes B no 8The prefix re used in the spoken language reopen and reapply means Anot B again C wrong 9If you misjudge someone, you Adont judge them B judge them wrongly C judge them again 10To not revere of something means that youAunapprove B disapprove C disapprove Given below is a list of some statements. How often do the following prove to be true to you? Mark the statements as a) always b) usually c) sometimes d) n ever I feel very comfortable sharing my secrets with my father/mother. My mother is not very educated. I am embarrassed to introduce her to my friends. Given a choice, Id love to spend time with my parents. I consult my parents whenever I am in a fix. I could give up my favourite activity to take care of my parents. I can discuss my personal problems with my father. I dont feel embarrassed to express my feeling for my parents. I hate my parents when they do not allow me to have my way. I feel that my parents love my sister/brother more than me. Id rather celebrate my birthday with my parents than with my friends. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow Enid Blyton was born in capital of the United Kingdom in 1897, the eldest of three children. She began her career as a teacher, but soon turned to journalism, and often wrote about education. She then began to write childrens books. Her first book was a collection of poems for children.In the late 1930s, just before the Second World War, she started publishing Noddy stories for very small children and adventure stories such as The celebrated Five and The Secret Seven for older children. Not long after this she began writing her school series, like Malory Towers and The Naughtiest Girl. Enid Blytons stories carry a clear essence of right and wrong. Generations of children have enjoyed and continue to enjoy her work. She wrote over 600 books during her career of forty years. She died in 1968 at the age of seventy-one. 1Enid Blyton is best known for being a a)teacherb) writerc) diary keeper Her first book was a collection of a)Noddy storiesb) adventure storiesc) poems 3)Name four series of books written by Enid Blyton. 4)What is the message in Enid Blytons books? 5)When was Enid Blyton born and when did she die? 6)Frame sentences with these words from the passage a)careerb) adventurec) message 7)Right and wrong is a common English phrase. Join pairs of words from this list with and to make four phra ses. Blackgoodherebuttereverywherewhitebadredtherebreadjam 8)Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets a)This bag is _____________ than the one we saw in the other shop. expensive) b)May and June are the __________ months of the year. (warm) c)My _________________ storybook character is Harry Potter. (favourite) 9)Circle the correct words a)Rita has (much/many) friends in Dubai. b)Very (few/less) people attended the coming upon yesterday. c)I have finished reading (many/most) of the book. d)Salma does not like sweets and _____________ (rarely/usually) eats them. e)My family __________ (often/seldom) visits the cinema as we are all fond of watching films. f)I take my pet drop behind for a walk ___________ (every/twice) a day.

Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats: Fantasy and Real Essay

Charles Pierre Baudelaire was said to be among the precursors of Symbolism a lawsuit which employed words to separate the imagination from reality, leading to the chastity of the spirit which rejected conformities. It is said to be an offshoot of Romanticism, one of the most prevalent literary movements in the early twentieth-century. In this poem, Correspondances (Correspondences), Baudelaire emphasized the concepts behind each image which is an example of synaethesia the correspondence of the senses (EDSitement, 2007). John Keats belonged to a literary movement called Romanticism an deal from the real world into the ideal, yet, realizes that the ideal piece of assnot be attained. The two poles of this movement are typically reflected at the beginning and end of a poem. The Ode on a classical Urn by John Keats is an attempt to express inner conflicts of love and pain. William Butler Yeats was among the famous early Modernists making use of Symbolism, Romanticism and Realism. Each contributes to its allusiveness, irrationalism and separation from the traditional, respectively. The fair Animals Desertion describes the absence of a poetic theme a document of his frustration and the difference between the fantasy and reality. The three poems indicated above portray of an thrash from the real the difference between the fantasy and the real. Correspondances dwell on the concept of synaestheisa a communication among the senses. The senses receive images that Baudelaire processed into symbols. A p finesse of synaethesia is the complementing forms of objects in paradise and Earth. The images in this poem, Correspondances, become symbols for certain concepts that differentiate the intangibility of Heaven to Earth (Dorra, 1994). John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn describes the conflict between the temporary and the enduring of life human and immortal. It revolves around the images of the urn the thoughts, history and emotions that picture it, and the dynami cs brought about by the urn the thoughts, history and emotions put into action and into the present. At its last stanza, Keats wrote that the urn has teased which could slopped a tease to pass through with(predicate) the real into the fantasy the thought that beauty is truth and vice versa (Melani, 2004). William Butler Yeats has contrasted the real and the fantasy in the images of his genus Circus characters in The Circus Animals Desertion. In his search for a poetic theme, Yeats has delved into the fantasy to create the images of circus figures to symbolize his creativity that have left him, and to which he wishes to cod again. He emphasizes that his circus characters, his creativity, cause his frailty as to create is his life. In lieu to that, Yeats has yearned to create to reject the norms and the old. In the end, Yeats has succeeded in differentiating the fantasy and the real through his circus and his yearning (Cronin, 2007). These three poets have somehow created a sin gle theme out of different sources. Each of them has presented the subject of unreal and real, their differences and how each can be achieved. These three poets, Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats have created a whole new literary movement out of their own movements Modernism. Modernism allowed these celebrated poets to shake the traditions of poetry and nurtured the art of poetry through its distinct picture of the fantasy and the real.ReferencesCronin, C. (2007). William Butler Yeats The Circus Animals Desertion Electronic Version. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http//ireland.wlu.edu/landscape/Group5/life.htm.Dorra, H. (1994). Symbolist Art Electronic Version. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http//www.studiocleo.com/librarie/baudelaire/critique.html.EDSitement. (2007). Charles Baudelaire The Poet of Sickness and atrocious Electronic Version. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http//edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=389.Melani. (2004). Ode on a Grecian Urn Electronic Version. Retrieved May 1 6, 2007 from http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/urn.htmlgeneral.

Macbeth and Famous Tragedies Essay

Macbeth is one of the most famous tragedies of Shakespeare. It is divided into five acts focusing on Macbeth and sometimes other characters that affect Macbeth. The 2 main characters in the fiddle are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are well-developed. After Macbeth killed King Duncan of Scotland, he and his wife, Lady Macbeth, became King and Queen of Scotland. However, they did not have calm life as what they wanted. They always felt worried and insecure. In act five scene five, when Sayton, Macbeths servant, told him of Lady Macbeths death, he talked to himself as his rejoinder to this news.Macbeth thought that time went lento Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time The soliloquy of Macbeth means that how the days stretched out. distributively day is the same as the one before and they would continue to do so until the end of time. It made Macbeth felt bored, so time perhaps went slow to him. We cou ld see another reason why Macbeth felt time went slowly. Actually, Macbeth is not a bad man. He loved Lady Macbeth so much. Therefore, he was convince to be the murder of King Duncan by her so that they had the power to do whatever they wanted.Those days were yesterdays and past time of him. He wanted to come to tomorrow because each tomorrow means the last day of all yesterdays when Macbeth spent to kill people. The looking forward could make time go more slowly than it was. Beside, after Lady Macbeth to whom he spent all his love died, life for him was not meaningful any more. It also made him as well as people in the situation like him feel the days went slowly. With the great ability of using figurative language and the exquisite style of writing, Shakespeare contributed to the success of the play especially act five scene five that is best-known part of the play.

Joy Luck Club Essay

Based on a book of the same name published by Amy Tan, The Joy opportunity Club tells the stories of four Chinese women and their daughters who were raised in America. While the film focuses a great deal on the relationships between the acquires and daughters and how their stories intertwine, as well as the history of each person and the trials they went through both in China and America, it also showcases some Chinese cultural and religious beliefs.Religion, folktales, culture, and superstition were all predominant in much of the daily lives of the women, shaping how they interacted with and raised their individual tiddlerren as well as how they viewed themselves. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the different beliefs and customs were displayed in the film and how their lives were formed around and changes by them. Some of the major stylistic elements of the movie were the presence of jade jewelry on most of the women and the bright red discolor that was frequently worn on clothes or decorating rooms.Red stands as a symbol of fortune and wallow in China, and is fitting for The Joy Luck Club, and reflects the ingrained superstition in the society. Jade in Chinese culture has a long history dating back to 5000 B. C. Confucius claimed that there are eleven virtues in jade, and that The wise have wishned jade to virtue. For them, its polish and brilliancy represent the whole of purity its perfect denseness and extreme hardness represent the sureness of intelligence its angles, which do not cut, although they seem sharp, represent justice the pure and prolonged sound, which it gives forth when one strikes it, represents music.Its color represents loyalty its interior flaws, always showing themselves through the transparency, call to mind sincerity its iridescent brightness represents heaven its admirable substance, born of mountain and of water, represents the earth. utilize alone without ornamentation it represents chastity. The price that the en tire world attaches to it represents the truth. To support these comparisons, the Book of Verse says When I think of a wise man, his merits appear to be like jade. In addition, there is a Chinese saying that states Gold has a value jade is invaluable. Jade also symbolizes purity, grace, and beauty, and sometimes denoted power in historic times as well as being the title for the Jade Emperor, who was the Supreme Deity of Taoism. In a pivotal moment of the movie, daughter June is attached a jade necklace that has been passed down generations by her mother Suyuan. This symbolizes both her mothers love and belief in her and shows how highly valued familial ties are in Chinese culture.The ties that bind family together in Chinese society can be seen very strongly throughout The Joy Luck Club. there were some conflicting values seen between the women raised in China and their daughters raised in America. This dichotomy helped to show how even though they were in America, the mothers j udge the girls to understand and obey them following the rules of Chinese requirements. For example, as a child Waverly gets into an argument with her mother in which her mother states, There are only two kinds of children those who are obedient, and those with own mind.And only one kind of child live in this house. Obedient kind. Waverly sees this as an unfair imposition upon who she is as an individual, man her mother simply accepts this as a fact of how life and family is. Even through the disagreements and understandings, the girls exhibit strong traits of their mothers, which are not just hinged on how they are raised. quite a than just focusing on the nurture aspect, the mothers believed powerfully in reputations and curses, and their daughters followed them to some extent.Waverly believes that words her mother said to her cursed her as a child because she allowed them to undermine her own individual beliefs in herself. This is something that I found very interesting, as the majority of the Western world would explain that away with psychology composition the East appeared to believe that she might actually be cursed, but the curse wasnt permanent. In another case, Ying-Ying believes that her daughter is emotionally weak because she had no spirit of her own to give Lena when she was born, and this leads her to make many of the mistakes that Ying-Ying did.This belief also seen in An-Meis mother, who committed suicide to protect her daughter and believed that the remnants of her own weak somebody would pass to her daughter and make her stronger. The superstitions of the family she was wed into were detailed, as the husband believed that An-Meis mother may return to haunt him, and thus An-Mei was protected by her ancestors. I found the parallels between Western and Chinese culture here to be very interesting, as the younger girls tried to separate themselves and integrate their upbringing with their mothers expectations. customs and ancestor veneratio n was clearly represented in several cases, the most obvious of which being the case of Lindos marriage. Trapped and unable to properly count a child, she tricks her husbands family into believing that the matchmaker had made a mistake by assaying that the ancestor appeared to her and threatened her because another girl in the kinsfolk was pregnant with his spiritual child, and was fated by the ancestors to marry Lindos own husband. Through the arousal of duty to the ancestors, Lindo is able to escape her marriage.An-Meis mother fly subject to the belief of tradition she tried to save her own mother in turn by feeding her soup with her own flesh in it, because in the cultural context sacrificing the pain of her flesh was the honorable thing to do, even though she had been disowned by her family. This scene made me wonder why the wizard of duty only seemed to run from the current generation to their own ancestors, rather than from the older family towards the younger generations .The importance of tradition led the mothers to try and teach their children to believe nothingswallow pain and eat their bowl of bitterness, even as they attempted to provide their daughters with the means to break out of the cycle while still honoring beliefs. There was so much amazing symbolism and cultural representation, both Chinese and American, in The Joy Luck Club. The hopes that each of the women had resting on their children, the religious and cultural beliefs that they carried with them, and the strength exhibited by each of the women astounded me, and I hope to learn more about Chinese faith in the future.

An Examination Of Nuclear Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

A nuclear reply occurs when uranium comp wizardnts split into little atoms in a concatenation response that produces big resume of bosom. This perceive bring frontwardsing nuclear fission part in a controlled nuclear reactor. This nucleus of reactor contains the U give notice. In nuclear natural philosophies and atomic chemical science, a atomic reaction is the physical process in which deuce cell nucleus or atomic atoms collide to bring forth merchandises different from the initial atoms. In rule a reaction can affect more than than three atoms clashing, but because the chance of three or more karyons to run into at the same clip at the same travel byographic point is much less than for two karyons, such an outlet is exceptionally r are. While the transmutation is self-generated in the instance of hot decay, it is initiated by a atom in the instance of a atomic reaction. If the atoms collide and separate without altering, the procedure is called an elastic pullu late instead than a reaction.FUSSION is the procedure by which multiple atomic karyon articulation together to organize a individual heavier karyon. It is accompanied by the release or soaking up of big measures ofA might. Large scale optical fusion procedures, affecting legion(predicate) atoms bl subverting at one time, must happen in affair which is at truly high densenesss. The fusion of two karyons with lower mass thanA ironA ( which, along withA Ni, has the largestA adhering energyA per nucleon ) by and large releases energy while the merger of karyon heavier than Fe absorbs energy vice-versa for the obdurate procedure, A atomic fission. In the impartialst instance of H merger, two protons put one over to be brought roughly plenty for theA weak forceA to change over either of the monovular protons into a neutron formingA heavy hydrogen. In more complex instances ofA heavy ionA merger affecting manyA nucleons, theA reaction mechanismA is different, but we achieve the same wake of piecing larger karyon from small karyon. Fusion reactions tycoon theA starsA and bring forth virtually all elements in a procedure calledA nucleus. Although the merger of lighter elements in stars releases energy, growthion ofA elements heavier than ironA absorbs energy. When the merger reaction is a sustained uncontrolled concatenation, it can ensue in aA thermonuclear effusion, such as that generated by aA H give way. Chemical reactions which are non self-sufficing can still let go of considerable energy, every hour level-headed as big Numberss of neutrons. Research into controlled merger, with the purpose of bring forthing merger force for the achievement of electricity, has been conducted for over 50 old ages. It has been accompanied by utmost scientific and technological troubles, but has resulted in advancement. At present, break- so far ( self-sufficient ) controlled merger reactions curb non been demonstrated in the fewA tokomak-type reactors around the universe. 2 A Workable designs for a reactor which will theoretically present ten times more merger energy than the sum needed to rut up plasma to required temperatures were originally scheduled to be operational in 2018, nevertheless this has been delayed and a new day of the month has non been stated. It relegates considerable energy to coerce karyon to blend, even those of the lightest component, A H. This is because all karyons befuddle a positive charge ( collectable to their protons ) , and as like charges repel, nuclei strongly resist being put repletionively close together. Accelerated to high velocities ( that is, stir uped to thermonuclear temperatures ) , they can get the separate of this electromagnetic repulsive force and acquire near plenty for the attractiveA force to be sufficiently strong to accomplish merger. The merger of lighter karyon, which creates a heavier karyon and aA set-apart neutron, by and large releases more energy than it takes to coerc e the karyon together this is anA exothermal processA that can bring forth self-sufficient reactions. TheA National touchwood Facility, which uses laser-drivenA inertial parturiency merger, is thought to be capable of break-even merger. The first large-scale optical maser mark investigates were performed in June 2009 and ignition experiments will get pig in 2010. The energy released in mostA atomic reactionsA is much larger than that inA chemical reactions, because theA adhering energyA that stand ups a nucleus together is far great than the energy that holdsA electronsA to a karyon. For illustration, theA ionisation energyA gained by adding an negatron to a H karyon isA 13.6A eV-less than one-millionth of theA 17A MeVA released in theA deuterium-tritiumA ( D-T ) reaction shown in the diagram to the right. Fusion reactions have anA energy densityA many times greater thanA atomic fission the reactions produce far greater energies per unit of mass even thoughA individualA fissi on reactions are by and large much more snappy thanA individualA merger 1s, which are themselves gigabyte000s of times more energetic than chemical reactions. Merely direct transition ofA mass into energy, such as that ca employ by the hit ofA matterA andA antimatter, is more energetic per unit of mass than atomic merger. Or is the combine of two little atoms such as Hydrogen or Helium to bring forth heavier atoms and energy. These reactions can let go of more energy than fission without bring forthing radioactive by merchandises. Fusion reactions occur in the Sun, utilizing Hydrogen as give the sack and bring forthing Helium as flub. This reaction has non been commercially developed and is a life-threatening research involvement worldwide, due to its promise of limitless, pollution-free, and nonproliferation characters.FUSSION is the procedure of interrupting the backbone forces of an atom s karyon. In this procedure the karyon of an atom is split into two or more karyons, w hereby a big sum of free energy becomes available. The split merchandises are known as the fission merchandises . The fission procedure is employ soon by all functional atomic reactors. Nuclear fission is surely a alluring procedure to do energy available. This is because the free energy contained in atomic fuel is 1000000s of times greater than theA fuels such as in oil or coal. Just as emanation merchandises of fossil fuels are a job, so on that point are jobs with atomic energy. The job of radioactive waste is still one of these. A Is the splitting of a big atom such as Uranium or Plutonium into two smaller atoms, called fission merchandises, several(prenominal) neutrons, and very much energy? This atomic reaction was the first to be discovered. All commercial atomic power workss use this reaction to bring forth electricity.Decay is the third atomic procedure. It describes the natural procedure of the karyon of an atom interrupting down into a stable signifier. When that stable signifier is reached no more shaft of light is being released. When you hear speak just virtually the half-life of radioactive racks, you are hearing approximately their decay. It is the clip taken for half of a substance s radiation to disintegrate. A is the procedure by which an unstableA atomic nucleusA loses energy by breathing ionising atoms orA radiation. The emanation is self-generated in that the nucleus decays without hit with another atom. This decay, or loss of energy, consequences in an atom of one type, called theA parentA nuclide, transforming to an atom of a different type, named the girl nuclide. For illustration aA carbon-14A atom emits radiation and transforms to aA nitrogen-14A atom. This is aA stochasticA procedure on the atomic item, in that harmonizing to quantum mechanics it is impossible to foretell when a given atom will decay.A However given a big figure of corresponding atoms the decay rate, on norm, is predictable.WHAT NUCLEAR ENERGY? Nuc lear energy originates from the splitting of U atoms in a procedure called fission. At the power works, the fission procedure is used to bring forth heat for bring forthing steam, which is used by a turbine to bring forth electricity.WHAT IS DISASTERS? Disaster is a sudden, black event transportation great harm, loss, and devastation and desolation to life and belongings. The harm caused by mishaps is unmeasurable and varies with the geographical location, clime and the type of the Earth surface/ point of exposure. This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and heathen province of the affected country. Generally, catastrophe has the lowmentioned effects in the concerned areas,1.A A It exclusively disrupts the normal xxiv hours to twenty-four hours life2.A A It negatively influences theA want outlines3.A A Normal demands and procedures like nutrient, shelter, wellness, etc. are affected and deteriorate depending on the intensityA and badness of the disaster.It may to a fault be termed as a serious break of the operation of society, doing wide allot homo, stuff or surroundingsal losingss which exceed the ability of the affected society to get by utilizing its ain resources. A catastrophe is the calamity of a natural or human-made jeopardy ( a jeopardy is a state of affairs which poses a degree of menace to life, wellness, belongings, or environment ) that negatively affects society or environment.NUCLEAR CatastrophesWHAT IS Nuclear DISASTERS AND WHERE HAVE THEY HAPPENDAA atomic and radiation possibilityA is normally defined as a loss of control of radioactive stuff with the possible to causeA radiation toxic condition. The likeliness and possible impact of such separatrixs has been a subject of argument practically since the firstA atomic reactorsA were constructed. It has besides been a key factor inA public concern about atomic installations. Many proficient steps to cut down the hazard of accidents or ( should one occur ) to downst airsstate the sum ofA radioactivityA released to the environment have been adopted. Despite the usage of such steps, there have been many accidents with changing impacts every subroutine good near girls and incidents . 1 Nuclear accidents ( frequently defined by theA International nuclear Energy AgencysA International Nuclear Event Scale ) are much larger in magnitude of effects than a typical radiation accident. The premier illustration of a major atomic accident is one in which aA reactor coreA is modify and big sums of radiation are released, such as in theA Chernobyl DisasterA in 1986. In the period to 2007, 63 accidents have occurred atA atomic power workss. Twenty-nine of these have occurred since Chernobyl, and 71 per centum of all atomic accidents ( 45 out of 63 ) occurred in the United States.TYEPS OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTSCRITICALITY ACCIDENTS- is besides known as jaunt or power jaunt . Occurs when a atomic concatenation reaction is by chance allowed to happen inA f issionable stuff, such asA enriched uraniumA orA Pu. TheA Chernobyl accidentA is an illustration of a criticalness accident. This accident destroyed a reactor at the works and left a big geographic country uninhabitable. In a smaller scale accident atA SarovA a technician working withA extremely enriched uraniumA was irradiated while fixing an experiment affecting a domain of fissionable stuff. The Sarov accident is interesting because the system remained critical for many yearss before it could be stopped, though safely located in a shielded experimental hall.A This is an illustration of a limited range accident where nevertheless a few mint can be harmed, while no release of radiation into the environment occurred. A criticalness accident with limited rack up site release of twain radiation ( gammaA andA neutron ) and a really little release of radiation occurred atA TokaimuraA in 1999 during the production of enriched U fuel. Two workers died, a 3rd was for good hurt, and 35 0 citizens were exposed to radiation.HEAT DECAY- are where the heat generated by the radioactive decay causes injury. In a largeA atomic reactor, aA loss of coolantA accident can vilify theA nucleus for illustration, at ThreeA a late shutdown ( Scrammed ) A PWRA reactor was left for a length of clip without quivering water system. As a consequence theA atomic fuelA was damaged, and the nucleus partly melted. The remotion of the decay heat is a important reactor safety concern, particularly shortly after shutdown. Failure to take decay heat may do the reactor nucleus temperature to lift to unsafe degrees and has caused atomic accidents. The heat remotion is normally achieved through several pleonastic and diverse systems, and the heat is frequently dissipated to an ultimate heat sink which has a big capacity and requires no active power, though this method is typically used after decay heat has reduced to a really little value. However, the chief cause of release of radiation in the Three mile Island accident was aA Pilot-operated alleviation valveA on the primary cringle which stuck in the unfastened place. This caused the overflow armored combat vehicle into which it drained to tear and let go of big sums of radioactive chilling H2O into theA containment edifice.TRANSPORT- accidents can do a release of radiation ensuing in taint or shielding to be damaged ensuing in direct irradiation. InA CochabambaA a defectiveA gamma radiographyA sink was transported in a rider coach as lading. The gamma beginning was outdoor(a) the shielding, and it irradiated some coach passengers.In theA United Kingdom, it was revealed in a tribunal instance that in March 2002 aA radiotherapyA beginning was transported fromA LeedsA toA Sell a dramatic artA with faulty shielding. The shielding had a penetrate on the bottom. It is thought that no homo has been earnestly harmed by the escaping radiation.EQUPMENT FAILER- Equipment failure is one possible type of accident, late atA B ialystokA inA PolandA the electronics associated with a atom gas ride used for the intervention ofA cancerA suffered a malfunction. This so led to the overexposure of at least one patient. While the initial failure was the simple failure of a semiconductorA rectifying tube, it set in gesture a series of events which led to a radiation hurt.A related cause of accidents is failure of controlA package, as in the instances affecting theA Therac-25A medical radiation therapy equipment the riddance of a hardware safetyA interlockA in a new design theoretical account exposed a antecedently undetected twit in the control package, which could take to patients having monolithic overdoses under a specific set of conditions.HUMAN ERROR- An appraisal conducted by the Commissariat a lEA? nergie Atomique ( CEA ) in France think that no sum of proficient invention can extinguish the hazard of human-induced mistakes associated with the operation of atomic power workss. Two types of errors were de emed most serious mistakes attached during field operations, such as care and testing, that can do an accident and human mistakes made during little accidents that cascade to finish failure. In 1946A CanadianA Manhattan ProjectA physicistA Louis SlotinA performed a hazardous experiment known asA titillating the firedrake s tail A which involved two hemispheres ofA neutron-reflectiveA berylliumA being brought together around aA Pu coreA to convey it to criticalness. Against runing processs, the hemispheres were separated merely by a screwdriver. The screwdriver slipped and set off a concatenation reactionA criticalness accidentA sword fulling the room with harmful radiation and a flash of bluish transparent radiation ( caused by aroused, ionised air atoms returning to their unexcited provinces ) . Slotin reflexively separated the hemispheres in reaction to the heat flash and bluish visible radiation, forestalling far irradiation of several colleagues present in the room. Howeve r Slotin absorbed a plaguey dosage of the radiation and died nine yearss later.LOST SOUCE- Lost beginning accidents, besides referred to as anA orphan sourceA are incidents in which a radioactive beginning is deep in thought(p), stolen or abandoned. The beginning so might do injury to worlds. For illustration, see the event inA LiloA where beginnings were left behind by theA Soviet ground forces. Another instance occurred atA Yanangowhere aA radiographyA beginning was alienated, besides atA Samut PrakarnA aA cobalt-60A teletherapyA beginning was lostA A and atA GilanA inA IranA a skiagraphy beginning harmed aA welder.A The outflank known illustration of this type of event is theA Goiania accidentA which occurred inA Brazil. TheA International Atomic Energy AgencyA has provided ushers forA bit coatA aggregators on what a sealed beginning might look like.A The bit metal industry is the 1 where goddamned beginnings are most likely to be found.Some accidents defy categorization. These accidents happen when the unexpected occurs with a radioactive beginning. For cause if aA birdA were to catch a radioactive beginning incorporating radiumA from a window sill and so wing off with it, return to its nest and so decease shortly afterwards from directA irradiationA so a minor radiation accident would hold occurred. As the conjectural act of puting the beginning on a window sill by a human permitted the bird entree to the beginning, it is ill-defined how such an event should be classified, as a lost beginning event or aA something else.A Radium doomed and found describes a narrative of a hog walking about with a Ra beginning indoors this was a Ra beginning lost from aA infirmary. There are besides accidents which are normal industrial accidents that involve radioactive stuff. For case aA blowout reactionA atA TomskA involvingA red oilA caused radioactive stuff to be spread around the site.The Myth of a Reactor ExplosionIt is impossible for any PWR or LWR atomic reactor to detonate like an atomic bomb. This is because in order for an uncontrolled concatenation reaction to happen that is similar to an atom bomb, the uranium fuel must be super enriched, much more than the 4 % A 235U that is present in regular, commercial atomic reactor fuel. So, if it ca nt detonate, what does go on in a atomic reactor? The reply is what is called a meltdown. When a meltdown occurs in a reactor, the reactor thaws . That is, the temperature rises in the nucleus so much that the fuel rods really turn to liquid, like ice air embolism into H2O when heated. If the nucleus continued to heat, the reactor would acquire so hot that the steel walls of the nucleus would besides run. In a complete reactor meltdown, the highly hot ( about 2700 Celsius ) molten uranium fuel rods would run through the underside of the reactor and really drop about 50 pess into the Earth down the stairs the power works. The liquefied U would respond with groundwater, bring forthing big detonations of radioactive steam and dust that would impact nearby towns and population Centres.In general a atomic meltdown would happen if the reactor loses its coolant. This is what occurred in the two catastrophes that we will discourse. Without coolant, the nucleus s temperature would lift, ensuing in the meltdown scenario we explained above.You may be inquiring, wherefore ca nt they merely drop the control rods in the reactor if it starts to acquire out of control? The reply is that they can. The job is that, even if the control rods are on the whole dropped in and the atomic concatenation reaction Michigans, the reactor is still highly hot and will non chill down unless coolant is put back in. The residuary heat and the heat produced from the decay of the fission merchandises are adequate to drive the nucleus s temperature up even if the atomic concatenation reaction Michigans.Three Mile IslandOn an island 10 stat mis from Harrisburg Pennsylvania resides the Three Mile I sland Nuclear Power Station. There are two reactors at the works, dubbed Unit 1 and Unit 2. champion of them is inoperable. Unit 2 experienced a partial reactor meltdown on March 28, 1979. A partial atomic meltdown is when the U fuel rods start to liquefy, but they do non fall through the reactor floor and breach the containment systems. The accident which occurred at Unit 2 is considered to be the worst atomic catastrophe in US history. Why did it go on? There are many grounds for the accident, but the two chief 1s are simple human mistake and the failure of a instead minor valve in the reactor. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we will explicate how it was possible for the accident to go on and both its psychological and physical effects on the American people.The accident at TMI ( Three Mile Island ) began at about four in the sunup with the failure of one of the valves that controlled coolant flow into the reactor. Because of this, the sum of cool H2O come ining the reactor de creased, and the nucleus temperature rose. When this happened, automatic computerized systems engaged, and the reactor was automatically Scrammed. The atomic concatenation reaction so stopped. This lone slowed the rate at which the nucleus temperature was increasing, nevertheless. The temperature was still lifting because of residuary heat in the reactor and energy released from the disintegrating fission merchandises in the fuel rods.Because the pumps fetching H2O from the nucleus were still active, and a valve that controlled the cool H2O come ining the nucleus failed, H2O was go forthing the nucleus, but non coming in. This reduced the sum of coolant in the nucleus. There was nt adequate coolant in the nucleus, so the Emergency Core Cooling System automatically turned on. This should hold provided adequate excess coolant to do up for the stuck valve, except that the reactor factor, believing that adequate coolant was already in the nucleus, shut it off excessively early.There s till was nt adequate coolant, so the nucleus s temperature kept increasing. A valve at the top of the nucleus automatically opened to vent some of the steam in the nucleus. This should hold helped affairs by fetching the hot steam, but the valve did nt shut decently. Because it did nt shut, steam continued to vent from the reactor, farther cut downing the coolant degree. The reactor hustlers should hold known the valve did nt shut, but the index in the control room was covered by a care ticket attached to a nearby switch. Because the operators did nt cognize that the valve had failed to shut, they assumed that the state of affairs was under control, as the nucleus temperature had stopped lifting with the first discharge of steam from the nucleus. They besides thought that the coolant had been replaced in the nucleus, because they did nt cognize that the pump mercantile establishments were closed. A few proceedingss afterward the nucleus temperature began to lift once more, and the Emergency Core Cooling System automatically switched on. Once once more, an operator de-activated it, believing the state of affairs was under control. In world, it was non.Soon, because of the coolant lost through the unfastened valve at the top of the reactor, the nucleus temperature began to lift once more. At this point the fuel rods started to fall in from the tearing heat inside the nucleus. The operators knew something was incorrect, but did nt understand what it was. This was about 5 proceedingss after the initial valve failure. It took about 2 hours for person to calculate out that the valve let go ofing steam at the top of reactor had nt closed decently. During those 2 hours, cherished coolant continued to be released from the reactor a meltdown was underway. At about 6AM, an operator discovered the valve at the top of the nucleus was unfastened and closed it.During the twenty-four hours hydrogen gas began to roll up inside the reactor and caused an detonation after in t he afternoon. This detonation did non damage the containment systems, nevertheless. Two yearss subsequently, the nucleus was still non under operator control. A group of atomic experts were asked to assist measure the state of affairs. They pass judgment out that a batch of H gas had accumulated at the top of the nucleus. This gas could hold exploded, like the detonation on the first twenty-four hours of the accident, or it could hold displaced the staying coolant in the reactor, doing a complete atomic reactor meltdown. No 1 truly knew what to make about the H build-up. A H recombiner was used to take some of the H, but it was non really effectual. However, H besides dissolves in H2O, which is what the coolant was composed of. Thus, over clip the H that had collected at the top of the nucleus wholly dissolved in the coolant. Two hebdomads subsequently the reactor was brought to a cold closure and the accident was over.No 1 was dead on target injured as a consequence of the accide nt. However, some radioactive gas and H2O were vented to the environment around the reactor. At one point, radioactive H2O was released into the Susquehanna river, which is a beginning of imbibing H2O for nearby communities. No 1 is truly certain what effects these radioactive releases might hold had on people populating near the power works.ChernobylAbout 80 stat mis ( 130 kilometer ) North of Kiev, in what is now the Ukraine is located the Chernobyl atomic power works. At this works the worst reactor catastrophe to of all time happen took topographic point on April 26, 1986. It happened mostly because normal reactor operations were suspended an experiment was to take topographic point in the reactor. As a consequence, normal safety guidelines were disregarded, and the accident occurred. However, as with most accidents of this type, it was a consequence of many little errors adding up to make a calamity. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we will sketch merely how the event transpi redEarly on in the twenty-four hours, before the trial, the power end product of the reactor was dropped in readying for the approaching trial. Unexpectedly, the reactor s power end product dropped manner excessively much, about to nothing. Because of this bead, some control rods were remote to convey the power back up. ( As you recall from the fission power text, the more control rods there are in a reactor, the more free neutrons are absorbed and the less fashioning that goes on. So, more control rods means less energy and power end product. ) The reactor s power end product raised up and wholly appeared to be normal.More readying for the trial began subsequently when two pumps were switched on in the chilling system. They increased H2O flow out of the reactor, and therefore removed heat more rapidly. They besides caused the H2O degree to take down in a constituent of the reactor called the steam centrifuge. Because of the low degree of H2O in the steam centrifuge, the operator i ncreased the sum of victuals H2O coming into it, in the hopes that the H2O degree would lift. Besides, more control rods were taken out of the reactor to raise internal reactor temperature and force per unit area, besides in the hopes that it would do the H2O degree in the steam centrifuge to lift. The H2O degree in the steam centrifuge began to lift, so the operator adjusted once more the flow of feed H2O by take downing it. This decreased the sum of heat being removed from the reactor nucleus.Because many control rods had been removed and the sum of heat being taken from the nucleus by the coolant had been reduced, it began to acquire really hot. Besides, there was comparatively low force per unit area in the nucleus because the sum of incoming H2O had been decreased. Because of the heat and the low force per unit area, coolant inside the nucleus began to boil to organize steam.The existent trial began with the shutting of the turbine provender valves. This should hold caused an addition in force per unit area in the chilling system, which in bend would hold caused a lessening in steam in the nucleus. This should hold lowered the responsiveness in the nucleus. Therefore, the normal following measure when shuting the turbine provender valves was to abjure more control rods, increasing responsiveness in the nucleus. This is what the operator at Chernobyl did. The lone job was that in this instance there was no addition in force per unit area in the chilling system because of the earlier feed H2O decrease. This meant that there was already a normal sum of steam in the nucleus even with the turbine provender valves closed. Therefore, by abjuring more control rods to do up for a decrease in steam that did nt go on, the operator caused excessively much steam to be produced in the nucleus.With the excess of steam, the reactor s power end product increased. Soon, even more steam was being produced. The operator realized there was a job and scrammed the reactor, wh olly disenabling all fission reactions. However, it was excessively late. The temperature and force per unit area inside the reactor had already risen dramatically, and the fuel rods had begun to shatter.After the fuel rods shattered, two detonations occurred as a consequence of liquid U responding with steam and from fuel vapor enlargement ( caused by the intense heat ) . The reactor containment was broken, and the top of the reactor raise off. With the containment broken, outside air began to come in the reactor. In this peculiar Soviet reactor, black lead was used as a moderator alternatively of H2O. ( H2O was the coolant ) As air entered the nucleus, it reacted with the black lead. Graphite is basically merely C, so oxygen from the air chemically combined with the C to organize CO ( C monoxide ) . atomic number 6 monoxide is flammable and shortly caught fire. The fire emitted highly radioactive feel into the country environing the reactor. Additionally, the detonation ejected a part of the reactor fuel into the environing ambiance and countryside. This fuel contained both fission merchandises and transuranic wastes.During the yearss following the accident, 100s of people worked to squelch the reactor fire and the flight of radioactive stuffs. Liquid N was pumped into the reactor nucleus to chill it down. Helicopters dumped neutron-absorbing stuffs into the exposed nucleus to forestall it from travel critical. Sand and other fire-fighting stuffs were besides dropped into the nucleus to assist halt the graphite fire. All in all, over 5000 ( system of measurement ) dozenss of stuffs were dropped into the nucleus. After the fires were brought under control, construction of what is called the sarcophagus began. The word sarcophagus is normally used to depict the elaborate coffins the antediluvian Egyptians used to bury their dead. In this instance, the sarcophagus is a construction erected from about 300,000 metric dozenss of concrete that surrounds th e reactor. It was designed to incorporate the radioactive waste indoors. It has served its intent good, but, now, ten old ages after the accident, several defects have been found in it. Holes have begun to look in the roof, leting rainwater to roll up indoors. This H2O can eat the construction, farther weakening it. Besides, birds and other animate beings have been seen doing places in the sarcophagus. If they should direct radioactive stuff, they could distribute it around the countryside. Additionally, with clip the sarcophagus has become worn down. It is imaginable that an intense event like an temblor, twister, or plane clang straight on the sarcophagus could take to its prostration. This would be ruinous, as radioactive dust would one time once more rain down on the environing countries. Scientists and applied scientists are working on ways to mend or replace the construction.One of the great calamities of the accident was that the Soviet authorities tried to cover it up. Clou ds of radioactive dust were discharge towards major population Centres such as Minsk, and no 1 was warned. No 1 outside the Soviet Union knew about the accident until two yearss subsequently, when scientists in Sweden detected monolithic sum of radiation being blown from the E.The effects of the catastrophe at Chernobyl were really widespread. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) found that the radiation release from the Chernobyl accident was 200 times that of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs combined. The radioactive dust was besides far-reaching. For a clip, radiation degrees in a Scotland were 10,000 times the norm. 30 lives were straight lost during the accident or within a few months after it. Many of these lives were those of the workers seeking to set out the black lead fire and were lost from radiation toxic condition. The radiation released has besides had long-run effects on the malignant neoplastic disease incidence rate of the environing population. Harmonizing to the Ukrainian Radiological play over 2500 deceases resulted from the Chernobyl incident. The WHO has found a important addition in malignant neoplastic disease in the encompassing country. For illustration, in 1986 ( the twelvemonth of the accident ) , 2 instances of childhood thyroid malignant neoplastic disease occurred in the Gomel administrative territory of the Ukraine ( this is the part around the works ) . In 1993 there were 42 instances, which is 21 times the rate in 1986. The rate of thyroid malignant neoplastic disease is peculiarly high after the Chernobyl accident because much of the radiation was emitted in the signifier iodine-131, which collects in the thyroid secretory organ, particularly in immature kids. Other malignant neoplastic disease incidence rates did nt look to be affected. For illustration, leukemia was no more prevalent after the accident than earlier.What caused the accident? This is a really difficult inquiry to reply. The obvious one is operator m istake. The operator was non really familiar with the reactor and had nt been trained plenty. Additionally, when the accident occurred, normal safety regulations were non being followed because they were running a trial. For illustration, ordinances required that at least 15 control rods ever remain in the reactor. When the detonation occurred, less than 10 were present. This happened because many of the rods were removed to raise power end product. This was one of the direct causes of the accident. Besides, the reactor itself was non designed good and was prone to abrupt and monolithic power rushs.NUCLEAR PowerNuclear power Stationss are non atomic bombs waiting to travel off, and are non prone to meltdowns .AThere is a batch of U-238 in there decelerating things down you need a high concentration of U-235 to do a bomb.A If the reactor gets excessively hot, the control rods are lowered in and it cools down.If that does nt work, there are sets of exigency control rods that automa tically drop in and close the reactor down wholly.With reactors in the UK, the computing machines will close the reactor down automatically if things get out of manus ( unless applied scientists intervene within a set clip ) . At Chernobyl, in Ukraine, they did non hold such a sophisticated system, so they over-rode the automatic systems they did hold. When they got it incorrect, the reactor overheated, melted and the inordinate force per unit area blew out the containment system before they could halt it. Then, with the coolant gone, there was a serious fire. Many people lost their lives seeking to screen out the muss. A speedy web hunt will state you more about this, including companies who operate Tourss of the site.If something does travel incorrect in a truly large manner, much of the universe could be affected some radioactive dust ( called radioactive dust ) from the Chernobyl accident landed in the UK. That s travelled a long manner. With AGR reactors ( the most reciproc al type in Britain ) there are particular(a) safety systems, such as deluging the reactor with nitrogen and/or H2O to absorb all the neutrons although the H2O option means that reactor can never be restarted. So should I worry? I think the reply is so long as things are being done decently, I do nt necessitate to worry excessively much. The spot that does worry me is the little sum of high-ranking atomic waste from power Stationss. Although there s non much of it, it s really, really unsafe and we have no manner to cover with it apart from bury it and wait for a few thousand old ages. There are many different sentiments about atomic power, and it strikes me that most of the people who protest about it do nt hold any thought what they re speaking about. yet pleaseA make up your ain head, happen out every bit much as you can, and if person tries to acquire you to believe their sentiment inquire yourself what s in it for them? ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERNuclear power costs about t he same as coal, so it s non expensive to make.ADoes non bring forth fume or C dioxide, so it does non lend to the nursery consequence.Produces immense sums of energy from little sums of fuel.Produces little sums of waste.Nuclear power is dependable.DISAVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWERAlthough non much waste is produced, it is really, really dangerous.AIt must be sealed up and buried for many 1000s of old ages to let the radiation to decease away.AFor all that clip it must be kept safe from temblors, implosion therapy, terrorists and everything else. This is hard.Nuclear power is dependable, but a batch of money has to be spent on safety if itA doesA go incorrect, a atomic accident can be a major disaster.APeoples are progressively concerned about this in the 1990 s atomic power was the fastest-growing beginning of power in much of the universe. In 2005 it was the 2nd slowest-growing.NUCLEAR WEAPONSAA atomic weaponA is an explosive device that derives its destructive force fromA atomic r eactions, eitherA fissionA or a combination of fission andA merger. both(prenominal) reactions release huge measures of energy from comparatively little sums of affair a modern thermonuclear arm weighing little more than a 1000 kgs can bring forth an detonation comparable to the explosion of more than a billion kgs of conventional high explosive.History OF NUCLEAR BOMSOn expansive 2, 1939, merely before the beginning of World War II, Albert EinsteinA wrote to so President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of attempts in Nazi Germany to sublimate uranium-235, which could be used to construct an atomic bomb. It was shortly thenceforth that the United States Government began the serious project known so merely as The Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to hastening research that would bring forth a feasible atomic bomb.The most complicated issue to be addressed in doing of an atomic bomb was the production of ample sums of enriched U to prolong a concatenation reaction. At the clip, uranium-235 was really difficult to pull out. In fact, the ratio of transition from uranium ore to uranium metal is 5001. Intensifying this, the one portion of U that is eventually refined from the ore is over 99 % uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To do the undertaking even more hard, the utile U-235 and about useless U-238 are isotopes, about indistinguishable in their chemical make-up. No ordinary chemical extraction method could mete out them merely mechanical methods could work. A monolithic enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Harold Urey and his co-workers at Columbia University devised an extraction system that worked on the rule of gasified diffusion, andA Ernest LawrenceA ( discoverer of the Cyclotron ) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a procedure affecting magnetic separation of the two isotopes. Next, a gas ex tractor was used to further divide the lighter U-235 from the heavier, non-fissionable U-238. Once all of these processs had been completed, all that needed to be done was to set to the trial the full construct behind atomic fission ( dividing the atom, in layperson s footings ) . Over the class of six old ages, from 1939 to 1945, more than $ 2 billion was spent during the history of the Manhattan Project. The expression for fancify U and seting together a on the job atomic bomb were created and seen to their logical terminals by some of the greatest heads of our clip. Chief among the people who unleashed the power of the atom was Robert Oppenheimer, who oversaw the undertaking from construct to completion.Atomic Bomb ExplosionFinally, the twenty-four hours came when all at Los Alamos would happen out if The wash room ( code-named as such during its development ) was traveling to be the prodigious flop of the century or possibly an terminal to the war. It all came down to a fa tal forenoon in summer solstice, 1945.At 52945 ( Mountain War Time ) on July 16, 1945, in a white blazing that stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico to the still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. TheA visible radiation of the explosionA so turned orange as the atomic bolide began hiting upwards at 360 pess per second, blushing and pulsating as it cooled. The characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapors materialized at 30,000 pess. Beneath the cloud, all that remained of the dirt at the blast site were fragments of jade green radioactive churl created by the heat of the reaction. The superb visible radiation from the explosion pierced the early forenoon skies with such strength that occupants from a faraway neighboring fraternity would curse that the Sun came up twice that twenty-four hours. Even more amazing is that a unsighted miss saw the flash 120 stat mis off. Upon witnessing the detonation, its Godheads had affiliate reactions. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been upset as if world had become a menace to the universe it inhabited. Robert Oppenheimer, though enraptured about the success of the undertaking, quoted a remembered fragment from the Bhagavad Gita. I am become Death, he said, the destroyer of universes. Ken Bainbridge, the trial manager, told Oppenheimer, Now we re all boies of bitches. After sing the consequences several participants signed requests against fring the monster they had created, but their protests fell on deaf ears. The Jornada Del Muerto of New Mexico would non be the last site on planet Earth to see an atomic detonation.Topographic points WHERE NUCLEAR BOMBS LAUNCHEDAs many know, the atomic bomb has been used merely twice in warfare. This is Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the terminal of World War II.HEROSHIMAA uranium bomb nicknamed Small Boy ( despite weighing in at over four and a half dozenss ) was dropped on Hiroshima August 6, 1945. The Aio i Bridge, one of 81 Bridgess linking the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the mark land zero was set at 1,980 pess. At 0815 hours, the bomb was dropped from theA Enola Gay. It missed by merely 800 pess. At 0816 hours, in an blink of an eye, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 injured by a 10-kiloton atomic detonation. The country of entire vaporisation from the atomic bomb blast measured one half stat mi in diameter entire devastation one stat mi in diameter terrible blast harm every bit much as two stat mis in diameter. Within a diameter of two and a half stat mis, everything flammable burned. The staying country of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazings that stretched out to the reason border at a small over three stat mis in diameter.NagasakiOn August 9, 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same intervention. This clip a Plutonium bomb nicknamed Fat Man was dropped on the metropolis. Though Fat Man missed its mark by over a stat mi and a half, it still levelled about half the metropolis. In a split 2nd, Nagasaki s population dropped from 422,000 to 383,000. Over 25,000 people were injured. Japan offered to give up on August 10, 1945.While the detonation from an atomic bomb is lifelessly plenty, its destructive ability does nt halt at that place. Atomic bomb radioactive dust creates another jeopardy every bit good. The rain that follows any atomic explosion is loaded with radioactive atoms, and many subsisters of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts succumbed to radiation toxic condition. The atomic bomb explosion besides has the concealed deadly surprise of impacting the future coevalss of those who live through it. Leukaemia is among the greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the progeny of subsisters. While the chief intent behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are other byproducts of the usage of atomic arms. While high-level atomic explosions are barely deadly, one little, high-level explosion can present a serious adequate EMP ( Electro-Magnetic Pulse ) to scramble all things electronic, from Cu wires to a computing machine s CPU, within a 50-mile radius. During the early history of The Atomic Age, it was a popular impression that one twenty-four hours atomic bombs would be used in mining operations and possibly assistance in the building of another Panama Canal. Acerate leaf to state, it neer came approximately. Alternatively, the military applications of atomic devastation increased. Atomic bomb trials off of the Bikini Atoll and several other sites were common until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was introduced.

Hcc Industries

1. Evaluate the decision to use stripped-down proceeding precedent (MPS) stubs alternatively of thin targets. The purpose of secureting a budget dodge is to briefly forecast a companys movement in the pastime year, and it butt end excessively be a firmness of purpose control system that makes people in the breadbasket range decently to achieve the preys and give them fillips by premium related to mathematical process. From this point of view, the budget system should be causal agencyable, accomplishable, and also flummox virtually ch on the wholeenge to ensure the hard working. HCC Industries was victimisation stretch cognitive process targets until 1987.The chief(prenominal) idea of using stretch targets was to egg on coachs to perform at the highest train accomplishable by focali determineding predatory targets with fortune of movement between 75 % and 80 %. In tell apart to locomote the buss, fillip system was directly related to the budget t argets. The fillip capability for variableness managers was 30% of base wage and was equally based on acquire beforehand taxes (PBT) and subjective rating of performance depending on the tier of accomplishment of the targets in all s until now performance beas.In pillowcase that sole(prenominal) few of performance areas were non met, but the management considered them all important(p), no subjective bonus would be provided. Objective bonus based on profit before taxes was provided as following if 60 % of the budget was achieved, 80 % of the bonus potential was compensable if cytosine % of the budget was achieved, 100 % of the bonus potential was paid and if 140% of the budget was achieved, cl % of the bonus potential was paid. Bonuses were paid quarterly at the level of 80 % of what was earned in inn to observe paying the bonuses that were non earned.However, doctrine of using stretch performance targets in HCC Industries did non work truly well, since it encourag ed thinking optimistically that pushed employees to perform at a higher level spark advance to innovation. This philosophy is advantageous for crabbed companies with a certain size that consecrate an understanding of the securities industrys and have an ability to check them. HCC Industries was a minor publicly held conjunction which was bonnie taking orders and non doing market placeing. For this tenability, thither was shrimpy probability for the employees to enlarge the market and achieve an aggressive harvest-home in sales every year.Performance targets were put together too high and optimistic, they were un realistic, un accomplishable, and not suitable for a company which could not make a sustaining growth by influencing the market. One of the main(prenominal) evils of stretch targets was that they were set too high. This led to the state of affairs that for the last quartette years HCC Industries never achieved its targets. As a result, employees lost their pauperization and commitment to achieve the targets they were discouraged, and exert little effort by giving up trying, as they matt-up that stretch concept was causing the corp not to achieve its plans.If a segmentation keeps missing the budgets, employees feel like a failure. victorious into beak that the employees could not achieve the targets for already quartette years, they had lost their self-assurance and became use to missing the budget and the eagerness to strive for the objectives was weakened. Although the targets were set at an unr each(prenominal)(prenominal)able level, the control system was not that tight. Even if the managers failed to achieve the targets, they may also be paid the bonus. For example, the managers were still paid 80% of objective bonus potential based on profit before taxes if they had just achieved 60% of the budget.So if a manager was not so ambitious, he did not have to worry about meeting the budget. Moreover, important constraint to pauperization of grade effect was that they did not know their bonus potential and the bases on which the bonus awards were made, as air class managers did not want to disclose social class-level financial cultivation to their effect. As a result, be unaware of the main objectives of the corporation and its incentive system, employees did not exactly know what they are expected to do and how they would be rewarded for their efforts.As a result of the lack of communion between division managers, middle managers and employees, division personnel became discouraged and demotivated. In addition, if employees are systematically undercompensated, the corporation may suffer from losing key employees. Anformer(a) disadvantage of stretch performance targets was subjectivity of incentive system. jibe to the information, provided from the case study, bonuses were paid and to employees included in the bonus plan. It can be cogitate that not all employees were included in this plan .Moreover, one-half of the bonus potential was based on subjective evaluation of efflorescence management. However, in that location is a concern whether exculpate management could judge each division in appropriate way, taking into account all the differences between them. The aforementioned subjective aspect influences performance and need of employees. In addition, important demotivating cistron was that awards had to be paid quarterly at the level of 80% of what was earned. It took three to four months before they actually were paid because the requirement approvals by several levels were needed before the payments could be made.The remaining 20 % was paid at the end of the year based on annual performance. Taking into account aforementioned challenges of using stretch performance targets, the management of the corporation had taken a decision to change the philosophy to minimum performance standard (MPS) targets from the fiscal year 1988 onwards. The philosophy provided a two-level budget standards. The origin level included the minimum performance standard that determined the basic financial target that divisions should reach. The second level included the targets that were set much challenging, and had just about(a) incentive effect.The main objective of this decision was to submit budgets with realistic targets with an accomplishment probability of 100% in order that divisions could meet the targets. As a result, division managers and other employees would let motivated by universe proud of themselves, having self-esteem and starting sapidity like winners. Being motivated, division personnel would be encouraged to work hard, be entrepreneurial and increase the level of aspiration for the future. Moreover, they would be given an prospect to earn extra rewards.Another advantage of extremely achievable budget targets is that they reduce the costs of needed interventions from integrated managers and the costs of optimistic revenue project ions. Highly achievable budget targets also reduce the take a chance of game-playing. However, not all potential advantages of MPS targets were achieved in HCC Industries. to begin with implementing MPS targets, corporal managers did not analyze guardedly all problems that the company faced on the level of operations, marketing and finance. Corporate managers of HCC industries introduced the following changes in the corporation connected with the switch to MPS budgeting philosophy.First of all, the probability of the transaction of the budgets had been changed. MPS budgets were to be set with the felt probability of achievement 100%. In addition, managers were asked to set targets that exceed normal capability and involve an increase by 25-30 % with the probability of achievement of 50 %. However, although the budgets were mean to be set realistic and achievable, in reality they were too high and close to division managers were even more(prenominal) than before concerned wh ether it would be mathematical to achieve them.In some divisions, such as Glasseal and Sealtron, bodily managers just change magnitude the planned budgets without any summary of the actual situation and discussion about telephone line potential and risks with the division managers. As a result, division managers became even more demotivated because of too optimistic budgets. Moreover, by missing the clean budgets, employees could be fired. The division manager of Hermetite was not provided by top managers with essential information about the corporation, its outline, targets and the actual situation, and targets of his division before planning the budget.Being just hired and having the lack of experience and knowledge, he set too optimistic targets that could never be achieved in reality. As a result, the new division manager experienced failure and frustration at the beginning of his working experience in HCC Industry that had led to undermining of his confidence and commitm ent. Secondly, the incentive system had also been changed. According to new incentive compensation plan, bonus pool consisted of 20 % of the amount by which actual division PBT exceed MPS and 25 % of the amount by which it exceeded the target.Bonuses were paid quarterly at a level of 90 % of that earned and the remaining 10 % at the end of the year depending on the performance. It can be concluded that the rewards became lower than with stretch performance targets. The probability of losing the job in case the MPS targets would not be met, became greater. The disadvantage of subjective judgment concerning the bonuses was not eliminated under the new philosophy, as the division managers were given the discretion to decide which of their subordinates would share in the bonus pool and how the pool would be allocated among themselves and the others included.The key factor to the success of the budget system be in the accuracy of forecasting the market share, the booking rate, the poten tial growth of sales, and so on. If a manager had little knowledge about the market information and the competitors, it would be difficult to set the MPS. The effectiveness of the budget system would be weakened, and this was the one of the main problems HCC faced after(prenominal) introduction of the MPS system. Evaluating the decision of changing the corporations philosophy based on early results, allows concluding that the new concept was not implement well, even given the fact that it was a good idea.After the first quarter of fiscal year 1988, none of the divisions achieved all of its MPS and some of the divisions missed their minimum performance by large margins. 2. Should HCC managers have expected that the MPS target-setting philosophy would be equally effective in all four operating divisions depict? HCC Industries was organized into four operating divisions hermetic Seal, Glasseal, Sealtrol that were producing connectives of various types, and Hermetite that was produ cing custom-designed, micro-electronic packages. Each division was run by a general manager who was responsible for all line of business functions of a certain division.In order to proper mensurate and monitor divisions results on which the bonuses were based, controllers of each division reported to HCCs CFO. Corporate managers should have taken into account that the divisions differ from each other, and should have considered each division separately while using MPS target-setting philosophy as each division had some limited characteristics that were opposite from others. Although all the three connector divisions were similar in that they were profitable but growing slowly, thither was a significant difference in the degree of standardization of their proceeds lines.For example, division Sealtrol was exceedingly standardized and produced connectors with large economies of scale. On the contrast, tight Seal was the least standardized division and operated primarily as a job shop that designed and produced small batches of custom connectors. Glasseals product lines had the medium level of standardization. The forth division Hermetite was completely different from the connector divisions. In affinity with the first three divisions, its market and competitors were well defined and its potential for growth was tremendous.In addition, Hermetite faced huge price competition and significant ware applied science and control challenges. Moreover, the production processes were complex and its design and production organizations were instable. Given the fact that all four divisions were independent from each other, had different targets, accounting and information systems, product standards, served different customers, had different professional soil of division managers, a detailed analysis should have been made whether MPS targets would be equally effective in all four divisions.microphone Pelta, the manager of the first division Hermetic Seal was more mo tivated after the changes, as with stretch performance targets, the probability of the achievement of the targets was 85-90%, whereas with MPS targets it has increased by 95-98%. The reason of such a high probability of achievement the targets was the fact that the division manager had set conservative targets. Mike Pelta was a co readyer of HCC, and was more familiar with the situation of the company. From the first quarter revenue result of 1988, we can find that only Hermetic Seals exceeded target in both(prenominal) bookings and profit before tax.But on the other hand, there were some problems in product qualities such as returns and rework. The manager of the second division Glasseal was even more demotivated after the changes than under the stretch performance targets. After the division manager had prepared the budget based on realistic forecast, the targets were increased by corporate managers. As a result, the probability of the achievement of the targets remained 90%, as it was before changes. However, with the stretch targets the rewards were greater and could be earned even if the budget was missed.It could be concluded that the change for MPS targets had not become better and more motivated for the second division. Historical performance of the third division Sealtron was not so good. capacity in sales per employee was 50 % at a lower place other connector divisions, and budget was missed so salaries were frozen. The division manager, Lou Palamara, was recruited in 1986. Lou Palamara had a background of an engineering manager, so he was not that familiar with the corporation and had less knowledge about budget and cost saving. The division manager was discouraged by newMPS targets, as the targets he set had significantly been increased by corporate managers and the probability of its achievement according to division manager, was only 60-65%. As a result, if the budget would have increased by 18 % compared to the previous year, there would be s till no bonus earned. Moreover, in case MPS standards would not be achieved the manager could be fired. At the same time, CFO of the corporation assessed the probability of the achievement of the targets by 90%. His idea was to stimulate sales as the Sealtrons efficiency was infra other connector divisions.It can be concluded that the opinion of top managers and division manager on the achievement of targets was significantly different (90 % versus 60-65 %). In this situation, in order to come to common solution, superfluous analysis should have been do of actual situation and current performance of the division. It should have been carefully analyzed the reason of poor performance of the third division. Before the quaternary division Hermetite was acquired in August 1985, it had been operating at a loss for the price competition and the production problems.The former general manager of Hermetite left hand a serious delinquency problem, which had worsen the reputation of the co mpany, so booking could not be guaranteed. The manager Alan Wong, macrocosm new in the corporation and lacking(p) particular experience and knowledge, was not provided with additional training and explanation of the corporations and divisions main objectives. He thought the corporate managers would not accept a budget that projected a loss. As a result, he had set very aggressive and optimistic targets that were unrealistic and corporate managers reduced the targets.However, the probability of achievement of the performance target at sales was 80 % and PBT target was only 5 %. The performance of the forth division was very uncollectible and uncertain. From the first quarter results of 1988, we can discover that the bookings and shipments were both below MPS. After analyzing MPS targets in all four divisions, it could be concluded that only the manager of the first division, that was the original HCC business, was motivated by the changes. The managers of the other three divisions were even more concerned than before the changes.The main reason of such situation was that corporate managers thought that the targets were achievable, whereas division managers had the opinion that they are not achievable and unrealistic. It can be concluded that there was a lack of communication between corporate and division managers. Moreover, the evaluation standards were the same for every division without taking into account different situation and various targets of each division. Given the fact that there were only four independent divisions, individual procession and specific evaluation standards for each division should have been used. 3.What, if anything, could have been done to improve the implementation of the new philosophy? From 1988 onwards, the philosophy in HCC Industries had been changed from stretch targets to minimum performance standard (MPS) targets. However, according to the results of the first quarter of 1988, none of the divisions had achieved all of i ts MPS. It can be concluded that there were some problems in implementing new philosophy. First of all, the targets of every division should be aligned with the long-term strategy of the corporation. turn over managers should clearly set the company strategy and priorities and communicate them to all divisions.Division managers should in turn have been communicated to the corporate managers opportunities, resource needs, constraints and risks. HCC Industries would achieve success if all divisions would work unitedly towards common targets and objectives instead of being concentrated on personalised goals of each division that could diverge from the strategy of corporation. According to the information provided in the case study, corporate managers were confident that the set objectives were achievable and realistic, division managers had the opposite opinion.As a result, division managers were discouraged to perform from the beginning. In order to avoid demotivation and increase the probability of the achievement of the targets, the balance should be found between the desires of the top management and the possibilities of the divisions. In that case, they closely need to communicate with each other and come together to the common solution. This would lead to more realistic budgets, would build employees up and increase managers commitment to achieve the targets.Secondly, as long as at HCC all divisions were decentralized, the differences and crotchety characteristics of each division should be taken into account. As a result, different performance evaluation standards should be used for every division. It is impossible to compare Hermetic Seal which is the original HCC business with Glasseal and Sealtron that were acquired even if all of them produce connectors. Moreover, the degree of standardization of product lines within these divisions is completely different. The forth division is completely different from the first three.That is why individual appro ach should be used for every division. There are only four divisions, that is why it is realistic for corporate managers to evaluate and analyze each division separately. Whereas some divisions could achieve higher targets, for others lower targets are more realistic. When planning the budget, the actual situation and performance of each division should be analyzed instead of comparison with other divisions. Before increasing the targets of the second and third divisions a more detailed analysis was needed.In addition, it would be reformative for corporate managers to discuss with the division managers the possible constrains of poor performance of their divisions and to evaluate whether additional actions are needed in order to improve performance. In order not to demotivate employees, it would be better to tot up the targets and to find compromise rather than just to set them. Corporate managers should establish the dialogue with division managers and other personnel in order to crumple an objective opinion about the real situation inside the company.Such working atmosphere would encourage employees to be involved in the company more and would give them the judgment that corporate managers listen to them when changing strategic issues. Division managers would feel themselves important in the organization and would be more encouraged to perform at the highest level possible and would feel more responsibility for the achievement of the targets. Thirdly, top management before changing the budgeting philosophy should have made a sound analysis of current performance on corporate level as it is a very important decision.Implementing new standards for evaluating involves the search of effectiveness of operation potential growth, the personal characteristics, the financial constraints, resource limitations, opportunities and risks. Fourthly, personal controls could be used by training division managers. For instance, it was very important for the fourth divisi on to provide the manager with some additional information about the corporation before planning the budget.Taking into account the fact that Alan Wong was relatively new in the corporation, it is quite obvious that he lacks some experience and knowledge to plan an effective and realistic budget. It is also clear from the information provided in the case study, that he was unfamiliar with the strategy of the corporation and the expectations from the top managers from his division. Planning the budget is very important for the corporation. It requires deep understanding not only the goals and objectives of a particular division but also of the entire corporation.As there was a lack of communication between the top management and the division managers, the new division manager had set unrealistic budget. Fifthly, there was not only a lack of communication between top management and division managers, but also between the division personnel. In order to increase the motivation amongst personnel, the division managers should clearly communicate the main objectives and set the targets to their employees and provide them with the detailed information concerning the incentive system.In this case, employees would understand what they are expected to do and how they would be rewarded for that. Sixthly, as the marketing information collection was an obvious obstacle for the accurate forecast of the future, it is important to set up a marketing team in the four divisions. The target of the team is to collect the market share data of each product in previous years, the reasons for the up-and-downs of the market share, find out what kind of advance will the target consumers need in the future, the scale of potential customers, and so on.With the detailed information of the market, it will be easier for the division to forecast the future sales and try to expand the existing market. Seventhly, it can be suggested, that for the first year when the changes were applied, the top management could set very realistic conservative targets in order to encourage employees and make them feel that the targets are achievable. Given the fact that the targets were not achieved for the last four years the employees got used to missing targets and became demotivated.In addition, given the fact that some divisions, for example Hermetite, experience current problems, flexible targets could be set, that would depend on certain conditions at a particular time. Finally, before taking a new decision about the changes, it could be helpful to organize the meeting with all division managers in order to presage them personally about the expected changes and gather some ideas from them about how to implement the new philosophy. Such brainstorming could help to pay attention to some important aspects from the bottom that top management was not considering.Hcc Industries1. Evaluate the decision to use minimum performance standard (MPS) targets instead of stretch targets. The pu rpose of setting a budget system is to briefly forecast a companys performance in the following year, and it can also be a result control system that makes people in the corporation work properly to achieve the objectives and give them incentives by bonus related to performance. From this point of view, the budget system should be reasonable, achievable, and also have some challenge to ensure the hard working. HCC Industries was using stretch performance targets until 1987.The main idea of using stretch targets was to motivate managers to perform at the highest level possible by setting aggressive targets with probability of achievement between 75 % and 80 %. In order to motivate the managers, incentive system was directly related to the budget targets. The bonus potential for division managers was 30% of base salary and was equally based on profit before taxes (PBT) and subjective rating of performance depending on the degree of accomplishment of the targets in all seven performanc e areas.In case that only few of performance areas were not met, but the management considered them important, no subjective bonus would be provided. Objective bonus based on profit before taxes was provided as following if 60 % of the budget was achieved, 80 % of the bonus potential was paid if 100 % of the budget was achieved, 100 % of the bonus potential was paid and if 140% of the budget was achieved, 150 % of the bonus potential was paid. Bonuses were paid quarterly at the level of 80 % of what was earned in order to prevent paying the bonuses that were not earned.However, philosophy of using stretch performance targets in HCC Industries did not work very well, since it encouraged thinking optimistically that pushed employees to perform at a higher level leading to innovation. This philosophy is advantageous for particular companies with a certain size that have an understanding of the markets and have an ability to influence them. HCC Industries was a small publicly held corpo ration which was just taking orders and not doing marketing. For this reason, there was little probability for the employees to enlarge the market and achieve an aggressive growth in sales every year.Performance targets were set too high and optimistic, they were unrealistic, unachievable, and not suitable for a company which could not make a sustaining growth by influencing the market. One of the main disadvantages of stretch targets was that they were set too high. This led to the situation that for the last four years HCC Industries never achieved its targets. As a result, employees lost their motivation and commitment to achieve the targets they were discouraged, and exert less effort by giving up trying, as they felt that stretch concept was causing the corporation not to achieve its plans.If a division keeps missing the budgets, employees feel like a failure. Taking into account that the employees could not achieve the targets for already four years, they had lost their confid ence and became used to missing the budget and the enthusiasm to strive for the objectives was weakened. Although the targets were set at an unreachable level, the control system was not that tight. Even if the managers failed to achieve the targets, they may also be paid the bonus. For example, the managers were still paid 80% of objective bonus potential based on profit before taxes if they had just achieved 60% of the budget.So if a manager was not so ambitious, he did not have to worry about meeting the budget. Moreover, important constraint to motivation of division personnel was that they did not know their bonus potential and the bases on which the bonus awards were made, as division managers did not want to disclose division-level financial information to their personnel. As a result, being unaware of the main objectives of the corporation and its incentive system, employees did not exactly know what they are expected to do and how they would be rewarded for their efforts.As a result of the lack of communication between division managers, middle managers and employees, division personnel became discouraged and demotivated. In addition, if employees are systematically undercompensated, the corporation may suffer from losing key employees. Another disadvantage of stretch performance targets was subjectivity of incentive system. According to the information, provided from the case study, bonuses were paid only to employees included in the bonus plan. It can be concluded that not all employees were included in this plan.Moreover, half of the bonus potential was based on subjective evaluation of top management. However, there is a concern whether top management could judge each division in appropriate way, taking into account all the differences between them. The aforementioned subjective aspect influences performance and motivation of employees. In addition, important demotivating factor was that awards had to be paid quarterly at the level of 80% of what was earned. It took three to four months before they actually were paid because the necessary approvals by several levels were needed before the payments could be made.The remaining 20 % was paid at the end of the year based on annual performance. Taking into account aforementioned challenges of using stretch performance targets, the management of the corporation had taken a decision to change the philosophy to minimum performance standard (MPS) targets from the fiscal year 1988 onwards. The philosophy provided a two-level budget standards. The first level included the minimum performance standard that determined the basic financial target that divisions should reach. The second level included the targets that were set more challenging, and had some incentive effect.The main objective of this decision was to submit budgets with realistic targets with an achievement probability of 100% in order that divisions could meet the targets. As a result, division managers and other employees would become motivated by being proud of themselves, having self-esteem and starting feeling like winners. Being motivated, division personnel would be encouraged to work hard, be entrepreneurial and increase the level of aspiration for the future. Moreover, they would be given an opportunity to earn extra rewards.Another advantage of highly achievable budget targets is that they reduce the costs of needed interventions from corporate managers and the costs of optimistic revenue projections. Highly achievable budget targets also reduce the risk of game-playing. However, not all potential advantages of MPS targets were achieved in HCC Industries. Before implementing MPS targets, corporate managers did not analyze carefully all problems that the company faced on the level of operations, marketing and finance. Corporate managers of HCC industries introduced the following changes in the corporation connected with the switch to MPS budgeting philosophy.First of all, the probability of th e achievement of the budgets had been changed. MPS budgets were to be set with the felt probability of achievement 100%. In addition, managers were asked to set targets that exceed normal capability and involve an increase by 25-30 % with the probability of achievement of 50 %. However, although the budgets were planned to be set realistic and achievable, in reality they were too high and some division managers were even more than before concerned whether it would be possible to achieve them.In some divisions, such as Glasseal and Sealtron, corporate managers just increased the planned budgets without any analysis of the actual situation and discussion about business potential and risks with the division managers. As a result, division managers became even more demotivated because of too optimistic budgets. Moreover, by missing the new budgets, employees could be fired. The division manager of Hermetite was not provided by top managers with essential information about the corporatio n, its strategy, targets and the actual situation, and targets of his division before planning the budget.Being just hired and having the lack of experience and knowledge, he set too optimistic targets that could never be achieved in reality. As a result, the new division manager experienced failure and frustration at the beginning of his working experience in HCC Industry that had led to undermining of his confidence and commitment. Secondly, the incentive system had also been changed. According to new incentive compensation plan, bonus pool consisted of 20 % of the amount by which actual division PBT exceed MPS and 25 % of the amount by which it exceeded the target.Bonuses were paid quarterly at a level of 90 % of that earned and the remaining 10 % at the end of the year depending on the performance. It can be concluded that the rewards became lower than with stretch performance targets. The probability of losing the job in case the MPS targets would not be met, became greater. Th e disadvantage of subjective judgment concerning the bonuses was not eliminated under the new philosophy, as the division managers were given the discretion to decide which of their subordinates would share in the bonus pool and how the pool would be allocated among themselves and the others included.The key factor to the success of the budget system lied in the accuracy of forecasting the market share, the booking rate, the potential growth of sales, and so on. If a manager had little knowledge about the market information and the competitors, it would be difficult to set the MPS. The effectiveness of the budget system would be weakened, and this was the one of the main problems HCC faced after introduction of the MPS system. Evaluating the decision of changing the corporations philosophy based on early results, allows concluding that the new concept was not implemented well, even given the fact that it was a good idea.After the first quarter of fiscal year 1988, none of the divisi ons achieved all of its MPS and some of the divisions missed their minimum performance by large margins. 2. Should HCC managers have expected that the MPS target-setting philosophy would be equally effective in all four operating divisions described? HCC Industries was organized into four operating divisions Hermetic Seal, Glasseal, Sealtrol that were producing connectors of various types, and Hermetite that was producing custom-designed, micro-electronic packages. Each division was run by a general manager who was responsible for all business functions of a certain division.In order to proper evaluate and monitor divisions results on which the bonuses were based, controllers of each division reported to HCCs CFO. Corporate managers should have taken into account that the divisions differ from each other, and should have considered each division separately while using MPS target-setting philosophy as each division had some specific characteristics that were different from others. Al though all the three connector divisions were similar in that they were profitable but growing slowly, there was a significant difference in the degree of standardization of their product lines.For example, division Sealtrol was highly standardized and produced connectors with large economies of scale. On the contrast, Hermetic Seal was the least standardized division and operated primarily as a job shop that designed and produced small batches of custom connectors. Glasseals product lines had the medium level of standardization. The forth division Hermetite was completely different from the connector divisions. In comparison with the first three divisions, its market and competitors were well defined and its potential for growth was tremendous.In addition, Hermetite faced huge price competition and significant production technology and control challenges. Moreover, the production processes were complex and its engineering and production organizations were instable. Given the fact t hat all four divisions were independent from each other, had different targets, accounting and information systems, product standards, served different customers, had different professional background of division managers, a detailed analysis should have been made whether MPS targets would be equally effective in all four divisions.Mike Pelta, the manager of the first division Hermetic Seal was more motivated after the changes, as with stretch performance targets, the probability of the achievement of the targets was 85-90%, whereas with MPS targets it has increased by 95-98%. The reason of such a high probability of achievement the targets was the fact that the division manager had set conservative targets. Mike Pelta was a cofounder of HCC, and was more familiar with the situation of the company. From the first quarter revenue result of 1988, we can find that only Hermetic Seals exceeded target in both bookings and profit before tax.But on the other hand, there were some problems in product qualities such as returns and rework. The manager of the second division Glasseal was even more demotivated after the changes than under the stretch performance targets. After the division manager had prepared the budget based on realistic forecast, the targets were increased by corporate managers. As a result, the probability of the achievement of the targets remained 90%, as it was before changes. However, with the stretch targets the rewards were greater and could be earned even if the budget was missed.It could be concluded that the change for MPS targets had not become better and more motivated for the second division. Historical performance of the third division Sealtron was not so good. Efficiency in sales per employee was 50 % below other connector divisions, and budget was missed so salaries were frozen. The division manager, Lou Palamara, was recruited in 1986. Lou Palamara had a background of an engineering manager, so he was not that familiar with the corporat ion and had less knowledge about budget and cost saving. The division manager was discouraged by newMPS targets, as the targets he set had significantly been increased by corporate managers and the probability of its achievement according to division manager, was only 60-65%. As a result, if the budget would have increased by 18 % compared to the previous year, there would be still no bonus earned. Moreover, in case MPS standards would not be achieved the manager could be fired. At the same time, CFO of the corporation assessed the probability of the achievement of the targets by 90%. His idea was to stimulate sales as the Sealtrons efficiency was below other connector divisions.It can be concluded that the opinion of top managers and division manager on the achievement of targets was significantly different (90 % versus 60-65 %). In this situation, in order to come to common solution, additional analysis should have been done of actual situation and current performance of the divis ion. It should have been carefully analyzed the reason of poor performance of the third division. Before the fourth division Hermetite was acquired in August 1985, it had been operating at a loss for the price competition and the production problems.The former general manager of Hermetite left a serious delinquency problem, which had worsen the reputation of the company, so booking could not be guaranteed. The manager Alan Wong, being new in the corporation and lacking particular experience and knowledge, was not provided with additional training and explanation of the corporations and divisions main objectives. He thought the corporate managers would not accept a budget that projected a loss. As a result, he had set very aggressive and optimistic targets that were unrealistic and corporate managers decreased the targets.However, the probability of achievement of the performance target at sales was 80 % and PBT target was only 5 %. The performance of the forth division was very risk y and uncertain. From the first quarter results of 1988, we can discover that the bookings and shipments were both below MPS. After analyzing MPS targets in all four divisions, it could be concluded that only the manager of the first division, that was the original HCC business, was motivated by the changes. The managers of the other three divisions were even more concerned than before the changes.The main reason of such situation was that corporate managers thought that the targets were achievable, whereas division managers had the opinion that they are not achievable and unrealistic. It can be concluded that there was a lack of communication between corporate and division managers. Moreover, the evaluation standards were the same for every division without taking into account different situation and various targets of each division. Given the fact that there were only four independent divisions, individual approach and specific evaluation standards for each division should have be en used. 3.What, if anything, could have been done to improve the implementation of the new philosophy? From 1988 onwards, the philosophy in HCC Industries had been changed from stretch targets to minimum performance standard (MPS) targets. However, according to the results of the first quarter of 1988, none of the divisions had achieved all of its MPS. It can be concluded that there were some problems in implementing new philosophy. First of all, the targets of every division should be aligned with the long-term strategy of the corporation. Top managers should clearly set the company strategy and priorities and communicate them to all divisions.Division managers should in turn have been communicated to the corporate managers opportunities, resource needs, constraints and risks. HCC Industries would achieve success if all divisions would work together towards common targets and objectives instead of being concentrated on personal goals of each division that could diverge from the st rategy of corporation. According to the information provided in the case study, corporate managers were confident that the set objectives were achievable and realistic, division managers had the opposite opinion.As a result, division managers were discouraged to perform from the beginning. In order to avoid demotivation and increase the probability of the achievement of the targets, the balance should be found between the desires of the top management and the possibilities of the divisions. In that case, they closely need to communicate with each other and come together to the common solution. This would lead to more realistic budgets, would build employees up and increase managers commitment to achieve the targets.Secondly, as long as at HCC all divisions were decentralized, the differences and unique characteristics of each division should be taken into account. As a result, different performance evaluation standards should be used for every division. It is impossible to compare H ermetic Seal which is the original HCC business with Glasseal and Sealtron that were acquired even if all of them produce connectors. Moreover, the degree of standardization of product lines within these divisions is completely different. The forth division is completely different from the first three.That is why individual approach should be used for every division. There are only four divisions, that is why it is realistic for corporate managers to evaluate and analyze each division separately. Whereas some divisions could achieve higher targets, for others lower targets are more realistic. When planning the budget, the actual situation and performance of each division should be analyzed instead of comparison with other divisions. Before increasing the targets of the second and third divisions a more detailed analysis was needed.In addition, it would be helpful for corporate managers to discuss with the division managers the possible constrains of poor performance of their divisio ns and to evaluate whether additional actions are needed in order to improve performance. In order not to demotivate employees, it would be better to agree the targets and to find compromise rather than just to set them. Corporate managers should establish the dialogue with division managers and other personnel in order to gather an objective opinion about the real situation inside the company.Such working atmosphere would encourage employees to be involved in the company more and would give them the feeling that corporate managers listen to them when changing strategic issues. Division managers would feel themselves important in the organization and would be more encouraged to perform at the highest level possible and would feel more responsibility for the achievement of the targets. Thirdly, top management before changing the budgeting philosophy should have made a sound analysis of current performance on corporate level as it is a very important decision.Implementing new standard s for evaluating involves the research of effectiveness of operation potential growth, the personal characteristics, the financial constraints, resource limitations, opportunities and risks. Fourthly, personal controls could be used by training division managers. For instance, it was very important for the fourth division to provide the manager with some additional information about the corporation before planning the budget.Taking into account the fact that Alan Wong was relatively new in the corporation, it is quite obvious that he lacks some experience and knowledge to plan an effective and realistic budget. It is also clear from the information provided in the case study, that he was unfamiliar with the strategy of the corporation and the expectations from the top managers from his division. Planning the budget is very important for the corporation. It requires deep understanding not only the goals and objectives of a particular division but also of the entire corporation.As the re was a lack of communication between the top management and the division managers, the new division manager had set unrealistic budget. Fifthly, there was not only a lack of communication between top management and division managers, but also between the division personnel. In order to increase the motivation amongst personnel, the division managers should clearly communicate the main objectives and set the targets to their employees and provide them with the detailed information concerning the incentive system.In this case, employees would understand what they are expected to do and how they would be rewarded for that. Sixthly, as the marketing information collection was an obvious obstacle for the accurate forecast of the future, it is important to set up a marketing team in the four divisions. The target of the team is to collect the market share data of each product in previous years, the reasons for the up-and-downs of the market share, find out what kind of improvement will the target consumers need in the future, the scale of potential customers, and so on.With the detailed information of the market, it will be easier for the division to forecast the future sales and try to expand the existing market. Seventhly, it can be suggested, that for the first year when the changes were applied, the top management could set very realistic conservative targets in order to encourage employees and make them feel that the targets are achievable. Given the fact that the targets were not achieved for the last four years the employees got used to missing targets and became demotivated.In addition, given the fact that some divisions, for example Hermetite, experience current problems, flexible targets could be set, that would depend on certain conditions at a particular time. Finally, before taking a new decision about the changes, it could be helpful to organize the meeting with all division managers in order to announce them personally about the expected changes and gather some ideas from them about how to implement the new philosophy. Such brainstorming could help to pay attention to some important aspects from the bottom that top management was not considering.